Dreams Essays - A Dream, Dream, Verbal Language In Dreams

Dreams A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me to a place not so far away where a dream is a dream and skies aren't so grey. A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me and fly away. So come with me and fly away to a place where there's always a way, and no reason not to stay. So stay with me in this place tonight, I promise you I'll hold you tight. A dream is a dream, is a dream, so please stay with me in this dream tonight

Effects Of Recycling Essays

Effects Of Recycling Essays Effects Of Recycling Essay Effects Of Recycling Essay Sing the consequence of scientific and technological innovations. the construct of waste to wealth is an environmental issue. 1. Climate Change When treating the original ( virgin ) stuff. the sum of energy expended in their extraction every bit good as transit normally involve firing fuels which beginnings of nursery gas emanations. Although production of goods through recycling requires usage of energy as good. the sum required is much less than what would be required for pull outing. fabrication and transporting the original stuffs. Besides. to a big extent. the procedure of waste to wealth reduces the production of big measures of nursery gases emitted from incinerators and landfills. Waste-to- wealth undertaking through recycling besides soaks up C dioxide from the air as it slows down the rate of deforestation which serves as C sink. 2. Water Pollution Recycling reduces H2O pollution in many ways. Many harmful waste and chemicals are dumped in organic structures of H2O because we produce a batch of rubbish. Recycling reduces this rubbish. Our dumping of this rubbish in the ocean affect many aquatic animate beings. About three hundred billion lbs of plastic is produced wholly in the universe. and merely a little part is recycled. while most of the staying are dumped in the ocean. Imagine that! Some of the harmful chemicals in our refuse from landfills could ooze into the land. and sooner or later acquire to the ocean and other H2O organic structures non burying our groundwater. This pollutes H2O. By recycling we produce less andreduce the sum of refuse green goods and chemicals dumped in our H2O organic structures. With recycling there isn’t the demand to do new merchandises. This means that the energy required to do these merchandises is conserved. This energy is generated from coal-burning powers Stationss and at that place . sulfur dioxide is emitted into the ambiance. Sulphur dioxide combines with H2O in the ambiance to bring forth sulfuric acid which condenses to the land in signifier of acerb rain and lowers the H2O pH. 3. Air Pollution With recycling. less sum of fossil fuel is required to bring forth and hence. less greenhouse gases are pumped into the ambiance. It besides reduces sum of emanations from incinerators every bit good as slows down the tree-felling procedure. With photosynthesis. the trees absorb the carbon-dioxide in the ambiance. The Downside In some instances nevertheless. recycling may be the beginning of air pollution as seen in Houston in 2013 where the metal recycling undertaking was seen to be let go ofing fume every bit good as cancer-causing chemicals into nearby vicinity. Besides the welding every bit good as cutting procedures of the metal was let go ofing metal compounds in the air which is non good for the people inhaling it as it is toxicant when combined in the blood. So. sometimes. recycling can do more air pollution. 4. Soil Pollution. Soil pollution is a signifier of land pollution. where the upper bed of the dirt is damaged. The inordinate usage of chemical fertilisers. dirt eroding caused by running H2O and other plague control measures leads to loss of fertile land for agribusiness. workss for forest screen and besides fresh fish spots for croping. With recycling. there is less waste put in landfills. Landfills are bad because there is normally a really high concentration of stuffs which are non biodegradable and these cause toxic chemicals to slowly leach into the dirt around. However. compositing of biodegradable stuff such as foliages and nutrient waste enrich the dirt as they introduce C. nitrogeb and other inorganic compounds that are good for some soil-resident beings and besides reduces the demand for unreal fertilisers. On the downside. paper recycling is really expensive and the procedure of bleaching is greatly practiced in this procedure in order to do the recycled paper every bit bright as original documents. The procedure of decoloring utilizations harmful chemicals which defeats the purpose of recycling Decision Recycling affects the environment in many ways. both positive and negative. Each one of us can hold an impact on bettering the environment and doing a witting attempt to cut down. reuse. and recycle in order to hold a positive consequence on the environment Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www. conserve-energy-future. com/causes-effects-solutions-of-land-pollution. php Recycling and Climate Change hypertext transfer protocol: //www. plantops. umich. edu/grounds/recycle/climate_change. php ( Aug 22. 2014 ) Retrieved 2014. October 29. hypertext transfer protocol: //answers. yokel. com/question/index? qid=20081208191457AAUeMoi hypertext transfer protocol: //www. poconorecord. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20080506/MULTIMEDIA02/80505016 [ web log station ] Retrieved 2014. October 29. How Does Recycling Influence Air Pollution? by Fraser Sherman. Demand Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //classroom. equivalent word. com/recycling-influence-air-pollution-8489. hypertext markup language [ Web log station ] Media. Synonym. com  © 2001-2014 Retrieved 2014. October 29.

Free Essays on Tuberculosis

Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative.... Free Essays on Tuberculosis Free Essays on Tuberculosis Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative....

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names By Mark Nichol George R. Stewart, if he is remembered today at all, is noted as the writer of Earth Abides, a seminal work in the science fiction subgenre of the postapocalyptic novel. But to some language geeks he is hailed as an onomastician, a scholar of place names. Stewart, in the 1930s, is perhaps best known in the latter role for proposing a schema for how to identify someone according to their place of origin or residence. Journalist and scholar H.L. Mencken was reportedly so impressed with the following distillation that he named them Stewart’s Laws of Municipal Onomastics: 1. Add -n to a place name ending in -a or -ia (Atlantan, Californian). 2. Add -an to a place name ending in -i or sounding like -e (Hawaiian, Baltimorean). 3. Add -ian to a place name ending in -on (Washingtonian). 4. Change -y to -i and add -an to a place name ending in -y (Schenectadian). 5. Add -an to a place name ending in -o (Ohioan). 6. Add -ite or -er to a place name ending in a consonant or a silent -e (New Englander, Seattleite). 7. Delete -s and add -tan to a place name ending in -polis (Annapolitan, for Annapolis). That’s an impressive and helpful set of rules. Unfortunately, many people didn’t get the memo, so we find the rules widely broken. For example, someone from Florida is a Floridian, not a Floridan, and one writes of San Franciscans, not San Franciscoans. Parisians breaks the rules (it should be Parisite ouch or Pariser), as does Chinese (Stewart’s rule dictates Chinan). Then there are classical affectations like Cantabrigian (Cambridge), Novocastrian (Newcastle, in Australia), and Oxonian (Oxford); more or less well-known foreign language alterations such as Flemish (Flanders), Madrileno (Madrid), and Muscovite (Moscow); and references some famous, others obscure based on state nicknames, think â€Å"Bay Stater† (Massachusetts), Hoosier (Indiana), and Nutmegger (Connecticut). Thus, like many other attempts at codifying human behavior or custom, Stewart’s laws are breached as often as they are observed, but they’re still a useful guideline. Ultimately, though, let your fingers do the walking through a dictionary, geographical dictionary, atlas, or other resource. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Characteristics of the Various Market Structures Assignment

Characteristics of the Various Market Structures - Assignment Example Although the firms may be producing products of similar recipe, the branding may vary from firm to firm. Monopolistic competition comprise of many sellers and many buyers (Weigand & Rachman, 2010). The product is almost the same but the branding is different resulting to a fierce competition. Other examples include private schools and insurance brokers and hairdressers. The firms that deal with sell of vegetables and food are good examples of perfect competition even though they may change to oligopoly in situations where branding sets in. Prices may be stable in the number of firms’ current in the market structure. Goods may be differentiated or homogeneous. Firms in this type of structure may often be influenced by the behaviors of others. Firms have a mandate of achieving their goals by maximizing profits and minimizing loses. Production is usually increased until the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. Output should be produced at a level that is considered maximum depending on whether the type of structure is monopolistic, monopoly, oligopoly and perfect competition. Pricing decisions tend to rely on analysis regarding marginal contributions to costs and revenue. Marginal profit appears positive when marginal revenue is more than marginal costs (Vaile,

The Italian Mafia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Italian Mafia - Research Paper Example Additionally, it has vast resources that enable it perform very complex operations while keeping a very low profile. The kind of operation the mafia carries out is highly sSuccession is clearly defined by the family ties and power automatically shifts to the firstborn son once the father dies. However, the members of these mafias protect their wealth and power at all costs even if it means killing anyone who meddles in their business. Additionally, they believe that they have built their empires for a long time and not even the government can take it from them as much as they are committing these crimes. These mafia organizations are not known by anybody; they work mysteriously and one cannot clearly identify who is in the mafia, as most of the people involved run legitimate businesses and are very well respected in the society hence making it very difficult to differentiate them from the other loyal citizens. Furthermore, they have access to government officers and can get any infor mation that they require. Due to this, it makes it very difficult for the government to track these organizations down and bring them to justice. These organizations are so secretive that they even control the marriages of there daughters and closely monitor their husbands. Sometimes the husbands are never introduced into the family business, and they are kept in the dark. One cannot deny the fact that mafia-type organizations are deeply rooted in Italy and have even extended into the government. For instance, the former Prime Minister of Italy Mr. Giulio Andreotti was charged for associating with mafia organizations. ... clearly identify who is in the mafia, as most of the people involved run legitimate businesses and are very well respected in the society hence making it very difficult to differentiate them from the other loyal citizens. Furthermore, they have access to government officers and can get any information that they require. Due to this, it makes it very difficult for the government to track these organizations down and bring them to justice. These organizations are so secretive that they even control the marriages of there daughters and closely monitor their husbands. Sometimes the husbands are never introduced into the family business, and they are kept in the dark. One cannot deny the fact that mafia-type organizations are deeply rooted in Italy and have even extended into the government. For instance, the former Prime Minister of Italy Mr. Giulio Andreotti was charged for associating with mafia organizations. However, he was acquainted when the prosecution failed to provide sufficient evidence to tie him to the mafia organizations. Consequently, the most recent case is that of the Sicily president who was charged and convicted of associating and providing assistance to mafia organizations. He was sentenced to a five-year jail term in 2008. They fact remain that these mafia organizations spread terror and fear among the people trying to gain power and amerce wealth illegally. Moreover, they work with impunity and have no regard for the law. The mafia organizations aim at marking their territories and area of control. However, other features of mafia organizations include their code of honor for instance the Cosa Nostra mafia has ometra which means the duty of silence. They highly uphold this code and respect it hence making them invisible and hard to track down by

The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections Essay

The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections - Essay Example The introduction is followed by an explanation of what prevention strategies must be adopted by nurses, in order to prevent the occurrence and transfer of infection in the healthcare setting. Important strategies like hand hygiene, antiseptic technique, disinfectant usage, and removal of unnecessary devices from the healthcare setting are discussed. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph; and, APA referencing style has been used properly throughout the paper. Introduction Nurses’ role in infection prevention cannot be denied, as they have manifold opportunities of practicing their nursing skills and knowledge to prevent hospital acquired infections. They can help the patient to recover fast by diminishing the complications of the infection. Benson and Powers (2011, p.36, par.1) write in their article: According to the CDC, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year in American hospitals . A recent study found HAIs to be the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, costing the healthcare industry $6 billion annually. This situation has made the health care providers concerned about the provision of high quality health related services to the patients, so that patient safety may be ensured. Nurses are those professionals who have the opportunity of providing health care services and preventing infections right at the bedside of the patients, thus, having a direct impact upon their health, safety, morbidity, and mortality. Within a multidisciplinary healthcare team, nurses utilize nursing-sensitive indicators to prevent infections. This helps them acquire nursing-sensitive positive outcomes, in the form of changes in patients’ understanding of infection symptom and associated emotional suffering. Nurses lead the entire team in preventing infections through utilization of a myriad of strategies described below. Infection Prevention Strategies Nurses ma y help in infection prevention through utilization of strategies that are effective enough to ensure patient safety. One such strategy is hand hygiene. Nurses should not only practice hand hygiene themselves, but should also encourage the patients to adopt it. Nurses’ hands are the direct transfer path of infective pathogens from them to patients, from where these travel across patients and finally across the whole healthcare environment. Last year, I was admitted to a hospital, and my nurse would always perform hand hygiene before and after every patient contact. He would also perform regular antiseptic technique, which prevented the infection from transferring from the equipment to the patients. I drew the conclusion that antiseptics minimized the contamination caused by pathogens when the nurse started a peripheral I.V. line or rubbed the core of an I.V. connector prior to injection. Antiseptic usage ensured the absence of pathogen organisms responsible for infection. Anot her important technique is to clean and disinfect the nursing-related equipment and tools, like sterilization. Since the medical tools are applied on multiple patients, it is important for nurses to clean and disinfect them as frequent as possible, so as to prevent the transfer of infection. Dust and pathogens collect on environmental surfaces which, if not

Stat Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stat - Coursework Example From the above table it is observed that the mean filmadmissions of quarter 1 (April-June) is the lowest with 13,173,422.8 and the highest is of the second quarter (July-Septermber) with 14,970,853.11. From the above ANOVA table we observe that there is no significant difference in the mean admission between the quarters as the probability of significance is 0.527 (>0.05). Hence all the seasons are homogeneous (on par) with regard to mean admission. From the above ANOVA table we observe that there is no significant difference in the mean admission between the years as the probability of significance is 0.848 (>0.05). Hence all the years are homogeneous (on par) with regard to mean admission. Interpretation: The regression equation is given by y = -119,506.78x + 1,092,063.39 where x represents weeks on release and y represents weekend total. The correlation is given by -0.33 which is very weak. When there is an increase of weeks, the weekend total gets decreased in general, but still we cannot make a sure conclusion because some other factors may be involved in deciding the weekend total. From the above table it is found that the multiple correlation is 0.33 and R squared is 0.11 which indicates that only 11% of dependent variable weekend total is explained through independent variable weeks after release. From the above table, it is inferred that the regression coefficient is not significant since the probability of significance is 0.23 (>0.05), hence the independent variable weeks on release is not a better predictor for the dependent variable weekend total. From the above table it is inferred that the regression coefficient is not significant whereas the constant (intercept) is significant at 5% level (p value =0.018

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Speech or Presentation

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Speech or Presentation Example And this is similar to the way that the laws of science work in nature, laws of logic work for reason – all this means that there also exists a moral order. It is vital that we once again believe in a superior, unchanging moral order, and give it a proper and important place in the educational process. And this is why several people feel that morality education should be taught in schools. And this is not it. Schools also hold the responsibility to guide children in the step by step development procedure, and developing morals and ethical principles leads to proper development. Thus, it is indeed the responsibility of the school that it educates the children regarding the morals. It is important for moral education to be started very early on so that the morals are instilled in the child permanently. Moral education should begin at home and continue in school. However, it does not end there. It continues throughout a person’s life as he is involved in various situations and circumstances. The social forces continue to teach man about how to act morally and change and influence him. Moral education helps a person make appropriate decisions; it tells him the difference between right and wrong. One thing, however, is to be noted that morality is an abstract notion and everyone has a different view of it and the teacher will pass on to their students what they have in their mind. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is for the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of the people in Canada. They cannot be restricted by law, within limits that are reasonable and evidently justified in a free and independent society. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms takes care of human rights in Canada. The Charter is part of the law and the Constitution of Canada. The federal government is not allowed to arbitrarily change anything in the charter. She is also a paramount to the laws of any province or territory. The Ch arter makes sure that everyone in Canada is able to enjoy certain basic freedoms which are these: They have a right to any religion and freedom of conscience They are not restricted regarding their thought, religion and expression and they have freedom of media, such as press They have no restrictions regarding any peaceful assembly they want They are allowed to associate with whomsoever they wish (for example, membership in the union) These rights are known as fundamental freedoms since they are the basic rights allowed to every person living in Canada. However, the Charter does allow the Parliament to temporarily restrict some or all of these freedoms in certain situations; for instance the people may not be allowed the freedom of assembly when there is a war. Although the Charter gives the right of freedom of speech, student councils in majority of Canadian secondary schools are closely monitored and restricted by school administrations. So, basically, students do not have comple te rights over their speech, assembly or publishing what they want to. That means the Charter is not valid in this case although the courts may ask schools for justification regarding the limitations. Limiting students’ rights may be a good thing and also may not work out well. Good because it is important to take care of and maintain discipline in schools and educational institutions; and if students are given complete freedom they may take advantage of that. The bad part is

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay The problem at hand involves developing a curriculum for English language that is suited for all people, coming from all over the country; even those without the basic knowledge of the language. The problem entails finding out the basis of developing such a curriculum, analyzing the content and coverage of such a curriculum, testing the suitability of it to the users, outlining a sample curriculum and finding out the possible outcome of such a curriculum. The problem will also discuss the likelihood of making compromises, possible compromises, the groups affected and how to counteract the effects of such compromises. Theoretical Background and Analysis Curriculum development for languages has for a good length of time been based on; developing language responsiveness, developing confidence and competence in the use of English language, trying to instil into the learners the cognitive capability, training learners to develop language imaginative and emotional skills via oral, reading and writing skills. In trying to develop any teaching curriculum, one can focus on the above as guideline. Traditionally, the curriculum activities have been determined by use of a particular set of goals needed to be achieved. Hence one would sit down and analyze the particular things he wanted to achieve then go ahead and develop a systematic way to end up with the desired results. Failure to achieve these results would be followed by corrective measures to the curriculum. However, further developments to this has led to another way of developing a curriculum based on the path or route used to achieving desired results other than the one based on developing a curriculum on goal basis. A curriculum can be developed on the basis of tasks (Nunan, 1998). One approach focuses on analyzing the psycholinguistics involved in the acquisition of a second language and activation of such in a classroom. The other approach basically focuses on the purpose the learners need the language for. Nunan and Lockwood (1991) have come up with a model to implement the latter approach. This involves allowing learners develop the skills of the language, offer a chance to analyze and listen on how sample tasks are solved, giving a grammatically instructed guidance for performance of various tasks, and stimulating them to develop skills that are emerging in them via rehearsal. We must however put into consideration the problem at hand; that the students will be expected to learn a second language, in this case English. Much as they will try to be given the above guidelines we can also be guided by a model suited for them. Two models can be focused as a basis for this: (a) The rehearsal rationale path which focuses on what they will be intending to do with the language they are learning. (b) Psycholinguistic model which answers the question on the required mechanisms to acquire a second language. I do therefore propose that such a curriculum would entail courses that will make the learners be assimilated into a culture of having a positive response to using the English language as pertaining communication on a daily basis, training them how to communicate, write, think critically and solve problems using the language. Basically, since the language entails being able to read, write (which would demand knowledge on the grammar, use the language mechanics, penmanship and spelling), to listen and speak all these would be part and passel of the curriculum. Arising Effects and Addressing the Problem It is hard to develop a compromise curriculum for everyone. While some would view such changes as only a waste of time and derailing their time in school since they know the basics, the learners would find an opportunity to assimilate what is necessary to give them an easier time in school. A compromise must however reduce the likelihood of going into what the newcomers can found out for themselves. Since they already have come to study various courses in the institution, it can be assumed as well that most of them will be aware of the challenges involved. Instead of say establishing a separate academic year to go through the curriculum, the curriculum can be made to fit into their program as they go through other courses of their study. One can therefore fit in two courses of studying English in their first year of study. The first course, for example can contain courses for the students to learn communication, writing and reading skills, while in the subsequent term, the second course can entail courses challenging students to thinking critically, analytical skills, interpretation skills, and using the language to formulate ideas. It must be considered that students will have to be exposed to acquiring a second language by presenting one which is a bit more complex that which they have and they will gain maximally. This was a belief in input hypothesis by Krashen (1981, 1982) which has acted on for many researches. The next step would entail finding out what majority of the learners will be, their background languages and how the curriculum can be suited to favour them. A research will need to be conducted to establish what the current situation is on the ground, necessity of having such a curriculum, its implications to the students already in the institution and how they think they can be helped. It would be of little need to establish a curriculum that only duplicates work and overloads the students. In deed, this can be solved by carrying out an extensive research on the need for it, even before it is designed. Once there is enough evidence that such a curriculum is of necessity, one can go ahead and design it. It would be better to incorporate the views of the intended beneficiaries to this project. The curriculum should be geared towards making sure that the students also benefit in usage of the language in other disciplines other than English itself. Therefore, a good connectivity between English language skills should be ensured by the curriculum being implemented. Implementation and Review Once the program has been implemented, there is need to keep on acquiring the feed back from the beneficiaries pertaining various courses, their benefits and what they think can be done to improve on the arising difficulties, analyzing the elements of the feed back and carrying out the corrective measures as pertaining course improvement. Conclusion In the above analysis, I have provided a basis model which can be used in developing an English language curriculum, and sort to solve problems related to its introduction in any learning environment. The implementation and review section seeks to give an outline how one can put into action such a curriculum and review it. Remember that a good curriculum is the one that accomplishes its intended purpose satisfactorily. It does not mean that it is free from difficulties, but these must be dealt with. Reference NCCA (2008): Curriculum Online. Retrieved from, http://82. 195. 132. 34/index. asp?locID=399docID=-1, on September 10, 2008 Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Nunan D. (1998). Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum. Macquarie University Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois. Retrieved from http://www. iei. uiuc. edu/TESOLOnline/texts/nunan/index. html on September 10, 2008. Nunan, D. , Lockwood, J. (1991). The Australian English course: Task based English for post-beginners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Uses of DNA Technology

Uses of DNA Technology Introduction DNA typing was first used in Great Britain for law enforcement purposes in the mid- 1980s and has revolutionized forensic science and the ability of law enforcement to match perpetrators with crime scenes. It wasnt employed in the United States until 1987. DNA profiling has changed forensic science. DNA technology has given police and the courts a means of identifying the suspects of rapes and murders. Thousands of cases have been closed and innocent suspects freed with guilty ones punished because of the power of a silent biological witness at the crime scene. Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation performs the bulk of the forensic DNA typing for local and state law enforcement agencies. In criminal investigations, DNA from samples of hair, bodily fluids or skin at a crime scene is compared with those obtained from suspected suspects. (http://faculty.ncwc.edu) ‘DNA fingerprinting, or DNA typing (profiling) as it is now known, was first described in 1985 by an English genet icist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr Jeffreys found that certain regions of DNA contained DNA sequences that were repeated over and over again next to each other. He also discovered that the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from individual to individual. By developing a technique to examine the length variation of these DNA repeat sequences, Dr Jeffreys created the ability to perform human identity tests. (John Butler, 2005) Sir Alec John Jeffreys, was born 9 January 1950 at Oxford in Oxfordshire. He is a professor of genetics at theUniversity of Leicester, and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. (Leicester City Council, 1992) In 1994, he was knighted by her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, for Services to Science and Technology. Jeffreys had a eureka moment in his lab in Leicester after looking at the X-ray film image of a DNA experiment at 9:05 am on Monday 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technicians family. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) Within about half an hour, he realized the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals. The method has become important in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies. Before his methods were commercialized in 1987 his laboratory was the only center carrying out DNA fingerprinting in the world, and during this period of about two or three years it was very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe. (Ne ston, Giles February 2, 2004) The technique used by Dr Jeffreys to examine the VNTRs was called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) because it involved the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the regions of DNA surrounding the VNTRs. This RFLP method was first used to help in an English immigration case and shortly thereafter to solve a double homicide case. Since that time, human identity testing using DNA typing methods has been widespread. The past 25 years have seen tremendous growth in the use of DNA evidence in crime scene investigations as well as paternity testing. Today over 100 public forensic laboratories and several dozen private paternity testing laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of DNA tests annually in the United States. In addition, most countries in Europe and Asia have forensic DNA programs. The number of laboratories around the world conducting DNA testing will continue to grow as the technique gains in popularity within the law enforcement com munity. (John Butler, 2005) How DNA Typing Is Done Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA (about 3 million bases) differs from one person to the next. (Internet Source www.ornl.org, 2009) Scientists can use these variable regions to generate a DNA profile of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products. In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions (markers). Scientists find the markers in a DNA sample by designing small pieces of DNA (probes) that will each seek out and bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample. A series of probes bound to a DNA sample creates a distinctive pattern for an individual. Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to determine whether the suspects sample matches the evidence sample. A marker by itself usually is not unique to an individual; if, however, two DNA samples are alike at four or five regions, o dds are great that the samples are from the same person. If the sample profiles dont match, the person did not contribute the DNA at the crime scene. If the patterns match, the suspect may have contributed the evidence sample. While there is a chance that someone else has the same DNA profile for a particular probe set, the odds are exceedingly slim. Many judges consider this a matter for a jury to take into consideration along with other evidence in the case. (Internet Source www.nfstc.org, 2009) Experts point out that using DNA forensic technology is far superior to eyewitness accounts, where the odds for correct identification are about 50:50. The more probes used in DNA analysis, the greater the odds for a unique pattern and against a coincidental match, but each additional probe adds greatly to the time and expense of testing. Four to six probes are recommended. Testing with several more probes will become routine, observed John Hicks (Internet Source www.alabany.edu/nerfi, 200 9). He predicted that DNA chip technology will enable much more rapid, inexpensive analyses using many more probes and raising the odds against coincidental matches. Types of DNA Technologies Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP is a method used by molecular biologists to follow a particular sequence of DNA as it is passed on to other cells. RFLPs can be used in many different settings to accomplish different objectives. RFLPs can be used in paternity cases or criminal cases to determine the source of a DNA sample. RFLPs can be used determine the disease status of an individual. RFLPs can be used to measure recombination rates which can lead to a genetic map with the distance between RFLP loci measured in centiMorgans. (Internet Source www.bio.davidson.edu, 2009) Total DNA is first extracted from the microbial community and the16S rRNA gene  is amplified from samples using fluorescently-labeled forward and reverse primers. Next, the PCR product is purified and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion with enzymes that have 4 base pair recognition sites. This step generates fluorescently-labeled terminal restriction fragments. The digested products are then se parated and detected on an appropriate electrophoresis platform. For a given sample the terminal fragments will contain a fluorescent label at the 5 end and will therefore be detected. The output will be a series of peaks (fragments) of various sizes and heights that represents the profile of that sample. (Osborn, A. M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N., 2000) Polymerase chain reaction PCR is used to make millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample. DNA amplification with PCR allows DNA analysis on biological samples as small as a few skin cells. A polymerase is a naturally occurring enzyme, a biological macromolecule that catalyzes the formation and repair of DNA (and RNA). The technique was made possible by the discovery of Taq polymerase, the DNA polymerase that is used by the bacterium Thermus auquaticus that was discovered in hot springs. This DNA polymerase is stable at the high temperatures need to perform the amplification, whereas other DNA polymerases become denatured. Since this technique involves amplification of DNA, the most obvious application of the method is in the detection of minuscule amounts of specific DNAs. This is important in the detection of low level bacterial infections or rapid changes in transcription at the single cell level, as well as the detection of a specific individuals DNA in forensic sci ence. It can also be used in DNA sequencing, screening for genetic disorders, site specific mutation of DNA, or cloning or subcloning of cDNAs. (Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu, 2009) Short tandem repeat STR technology is used to evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA. Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses a standard set of 13 specific STR regions for CODIS. CODIS is a software program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence, and missing persons. The odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci DNA profile is about one in a billion. (Internet Source www.ornl.org, 2009) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has chosen 13 specific STR loci to serve as the standard for CODIS. The purpose of establishing a core set of STR loci is to ensure that all forensic laboratories can establish uniform DNA databases and, more importantly, share valuable forensic information. If the forensic or convicted offender CODIS index is to be used in the investigative stages of unsolved cas es, DNA profiles must be generated by using STR technology and the specific 13 core STR loci selected by the FBI. (Internet Source www.dna.gov, 2009) Mitochondrial DNA analysis mtDNA can be used to examine the DNA from samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. Nuclear DNA must be extracted from samples for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR; however, mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion. (Internet Source www.fbi.gov, 2009) While older biological samples that lack nucleated cellular material, such as hair, bones, and teeth, cannot be analyzed with STR and RFLP, they can be analyzed with mtDNA. In the investigation of cases that have gone unsolved for many years, mtDNA is extremely valuable. (Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009) All mothers have the same mitochondrial DNA as their offspring. This is because the mitochondria of each new embryo come from the mothers egg cell. The fathers sperm contributes only nuclear DNA. Comparing the mtDNA profile of unidentified remains with the profile of a potential maternal relative can be an important technique in missing-person investigations. ( Melton, T. et. al., 2001) Y-Chromosome Analysis The Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, so analysis of genetic markers on the Y chromosome is especially useful for tracing relationships among males or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors. Y chromosome analysis is a useful technique for analyzing DNA that can be likened in one sense to studying male surnames. Think about the way that male surnames are passed down from one generation to another and continue on through sons. This mechanism is a simplistic representation of Y chromosomes. A son inherits a Y chromosome from his biological father and he also inherits an X chromosome from his biological mother. Conversely, a female would inherit an X chromosome from her biological mother and an X chromosome from her biological father. (Internet Source www.esploredna.co.uk, 2009) As such, when scientists study Y chromosomes, they are studying these chromosomes as they are inherited over time through males in a famili al line. This type of DNA analysis has important ramifications for scientists wishing to investigate the familial ties between male members. (Internet Source www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2009) Conclusion No field has benefited more from the tools of molecular biology than forensic science. DNA technology affords the forensic scientist the ability to eliminate individuals who have been falsely associated with a biological sample and to reduce the number of potential contributors to a few (if not one) individuals. Inculpations are strong evidence regarding the source of the biological sample. Today, some wrongly convicted people have been exonerated because of DNA evidence. Moreover, in casework, individuals are excluded routinely. Since the inception of forensic DNA profiling, there has been a debate in the legal setting regarding admissibility on the methods and the practices of computing DNA profile frequencies. While the scientific basis of DNA typing were sound, both the methodology and the statistical interpretations were aggressively challenged in court. The methods challenge focused on reliability and validity testing. The statistics debate focused on the reliability of the ass umption of independence for applying the product rule to derive estimates of DNA profile frequencies. References Butler, John â€Å"Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers† 2nd Edition 2005 Elsevier Science Desert Island Discs, â€Å"Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys† BBC Radio 4 December 9, 2007 Leicester City Council â€Å"List of persons upon whom the honorary freedom of the city has been conferred† http://www.leicester.gov.uk/aboutleicester/lordmayorcivic/freeman/honorary-freemen/list-of-freemen Retrieved December 10, 2009 Newton Giles, â€Å"Discovering DNA fingerprinting: Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development†. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk.doc Retrieved December 10, 2009 Osborn, A.M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N. (2000). An evaluation of terminal-restriction fragment lengty polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of microbial community structure and dynamics. Environmental Microbiology 2(1): 39-50. Journal of Forensic Science â€Å"Diversity and Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of North American Populations.† January 2001; 46 (1):46-52. Melton T. et al Internet Source www.ornl.org 2009 Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu 2009 Internet Source www.fbi.gov 2009 Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009

Essay examples --

â€Å"Why should we think upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to blame life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does not govern life. The soul is stronger than it’s surroundings.† As said by William James, one of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with great wealth. His father was driven to provide his children with a plentiful education, the James children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed culture and art. Over the next couple of years, William jumped through many different fields, he wished to become a painter, but soon deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his attention towards chemistry. As the family’s money began to lessen, he realized he would need to support himself and he transferred to Harvard Medical School, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing health problems such as back pain, sight problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and becoming affected by depression, James spent the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new understanding of human potential and a field in which invigorating research was defining psychology as a new science. His work set him free from his depression which he had been suffering from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a Masters Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism: A New Name for Old Ways of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A Plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his last major work. Within the following year he went to his families summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and there he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years after his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical Empiricism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still hold substance due to the honesty of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. â€Å"Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.† –William James Essay examples -- â€Å"Why should we think upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to blame life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does not govern life. The soul is stronger than it’s surroundings.† As said by William James, one of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with great wealth. His father was driven to provide his children with a plentiful education, the James children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed culture and art. Over the next couple of years, William jumped through many different fields, he wished to become a painter, but soon deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his attention towards chemistry. As the family’s money began to lessen, he realized he would need to support himself and he transferred to Harvard Medical School, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing health problems such as back pain, sight problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and becoming affected by depression, James spent the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new understanding of human potential and a field in which invigorating research was defining psychology as a new science. His work set him free from his depression which he had been suffering from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a Masters Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism: A New Name for Old Ways of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A Plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his last major work. Within the following year he went to his families summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and there he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years after his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical Empiricism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still hold substance due to the honesty of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. â€Å"Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.† –William James

Psychological Skills Training Essay -- Sports PST Training Athletics E

Psychological Skills Training What exactly is Psychological Skills Training and for a coach or instructor, what advantage is gained by its implementation? In other words, why bother? Psychological Skills Training (PST) is typically more comprehensive than a few short sessions with a few simple interventions that a coach or instructor might suggest. PST usually integrates cognitive and relaxation techniques in a more encompassing approach to mental training and as a complement to physical training. Individualism is a hallmark of most PST programs. (Gill, 2000) The Importance of Mental Skills Why are mental skills so important to performance and why are they often neglected by coaches and athletes? Yogi Berra has been quoted as saying, "sport is 90% mental and 50% physical." You can question his mathematical savvy, but if you're an athlete, coach or fan, you can't question his wisdom. (Hacker, 2000) Many athletes understand that while developing oneself to their physical potential is a critical element in performance potential, it is often a deficit in our psychological game rather than errors in our physical performance that keep us from performing at optimum levels in practice, games or matches. Spud McKenzie, the Budweiser poster puppy, suggested that it is important to say when, but also emphasized the critical element of knowing â€Å"when to say when†. It is often the successful athlete has recognized what needed to be done and the unsuccessful athlete was unable to do so. As a consequence, it is not the physical talents or abilities that separate athletes an d teams, or successful versus less successful performance, rather, the psychological dimension that most frequently explains a given sport outcome or individual performance. For this reason games are played. Prior to each contest, judgment could be made with regard to which team or individual is the â€Å"more highly skilled†. If games were decided on who is the most physically gifted and/or talented individuals or teams, it would prove to be an exercise in futility to compete. As a result, whether you are an athlete or a coach, mastering the mental game of sport will allow you to achieve a level of success as a competitor than you could otherwise not achieve by focusing exclusively on the physical side of sport. PST - The Initial Learning Phase The four commonly used PST techniques are: arou... ...file becomes increasingly significant in terms of achieving desired performance levels. The margins for success and failure as a world-class athlete can be miniscule. Skiers go wide on the third gate of a downhill race to find they have not only lost the gold medal, but any medal. Members of the PGA, after playing 72 holes, find themselves losing the tournament by one stroke, as a result of the missed three-foot putt on the second day of competition. Works Cited Gill, D. L., (2000), Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, Champaign, IL, 2nd Ed., p197, Human Kinetics. Hacker, C., (February 2000), Introduction to Psychological Skills, Eteamz, http://www.eteamz.com/baseball/instruction/psych/index.cfm?m=1,2,3,4,5 Rushall, B. S., (1995). Mental Skills Training for Sports, Sports Science Associates, Spring Valley, CA., 8.1- 8.3, White, S. A., Psychological Skills: Differences between Volleyball Players on the Youth National Team and Those Involved in the 14’s High-Performance Camp, Unpublished Thesis, Illinois State University, Normal, IL. Weinberg, R.S. & Gould, D. {1995} Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Ch.15

Graduate Unemployment in Malaysia

Unemployed graduates have become a cause of concern in Malaysia. The findings of a Graduate Tracer Study in 2006 involving 132 900 graduates from institutions of higher learning all over Malaysia indicated that 30.7% of graduates remained unemployed six months after graduation, while 5.7% were still awaiting job placement (Tan, 2007). The Minister of Human Resources revealed that more female graduates in this country were unemployed because they lacked the relevant skills required in the labor market despite having excellent academic results. The number was much higher in comparison to male graduates (Nor Hartini, 2007). As there are so many unemployed graduates at present, we need to find out why this problem exists and what can be done to overcome it. One reason for this problem is that the focus of higher education institutions and the needs of the labor market for graduates are not as compatible as they were twenty years ago. The labor market is now more competitive and volatile. As a result, graduates, face difficulties in getting jobs because they are not ready for the industry (Tan, 2007). For instance, the knowledge of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) acquired by students does not quite meet the expectations of the industry. Lack of experience and skills are also causes of graduate unemployment. Generally, most organizations prefer to employ graduates with experience. Furthermore, in Malaysia, the private sector today is not interested in recruiting local graduates because they lack essential skills, such as proficiency in English and interpersonal skills (Nor Hartini, 2007). There appears to be a disparity between what employers require and what skills graduates have. In view of this, the government has implemented several measures to reduce the problem of graduate unemployment. One such measure is the introduction of several training programmes for fresh graduates. For instance, the Ministry of Human Resources, through their training agencies, has introduced the ‘Unemployed Graduates Training Scheme’ in order to equip graduates with certain skills and experience (Chapman, Chew & Tan, 2007). The Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Ministry, likewise, has initiated a programme where established retailers have started recruiting graduates and diploma holders as management trainees. This scheme aims to not only provide employment opportunities for fresh graduates but also to expose them to fields in the private sector other than the ones they specialized in (Chin, 2007). Another measure involves a review of the tertiary education system. Soft skill development should be incorporated into the education curriculum where students can participate in extra curricular activities to enhance soft skills such as personal qualities, interpersonal skills and critical and creative thinking (Nor Hartini, 2007). These soft skills should be acquired through participation in extra curricular activities while they are studying for their degrees. A lecturer, for instance, can develop students’ skills and knowledge by stimulating their minds with discussions and case studies. According to Nor Hartini, these skills will enable them to communicate effectively, manage relationships, lead a team, solve problems and succeed in the job market. Thus, it is evident that lack of skills and experience are the main causes for graduate unemployment. To overcome this problem, the Ministry of Higher Education must ensure that the tertiary education system is relevant and up-to-date. It should continually evaluate the tertiary programs to help produce quality graduates who meet the needs of industries. Also, industries need to play their part by providing more opportunities for training fresh graduates while the graduates themselves need to be more open and take up these offers.

Chlamydia Trachomatis Sexual Health Control Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter provides the background treatment of sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) concentrating on Chlamydia trachomatis infection since the survey is positioned within this country taking down to the specific research inquiry and aims. In add-on, sexual wellness bar and control schemes have been explored.2.1 IntroductionHealth has been defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as â€Å" the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and advancing wellness through organised attempts of society † ( WHO, n.d. ) . Sexual activity is known as an indispensable component of human wellness and well-being contributing to quality of grownup partnerships and a demand for natural creative activity. Yet it poses a batch of hazards to wellness through transmittal of STIs. Although pox, gonorrhea and chancroid are by and large considered as the chief STIs, assorted other pathogens are catching including Herpes Simplex Virus type 2, Chlamydia trac homatis, Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) Herpes Papilloma Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus ( HPA, 2010 ) ( Figure 1 ) . STIs affect people of all ages with the greatest happening amongst those under the age of 25 old ages ( Nicoll, 1999 ; Johnson, 2001 ; NCSP, 2009 ) . In the UK, certain groups of populations are affected more than others therefore making sexual wellness inequalities ( HPA,2010 ; Marmott, 2010 ) . The research has delved into chiefly secondary literature from equal reviewed journal articles, books, wellness bureau or regulating organic structures ‘ studies and articles to show what past research workers have established on CI. Furthermore, sexual wellness bar and control schemes have been explored in order to put CI in a context that engages with appropriate literature.Figure 1: Number of diagnosings of selected STIs and HIV in the UK, females: 2000-20092.2 Chlamydia Infection TrendsChlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread bacterial pathogen transmitted through infected secernments and mucose membranes of urethra, neck, rectum, conjunctivae and pharynx following unprotected sexual contact with an septic spouse. An septic pregnant adult female can infect her babe during vaginal bringing. Genital Chlamydial infection is presently the most common STI in the UK with prevalence ‘s between 2 % and 12 % detected in surveies of adult females go toing general pattern ( Fenton et al. , 2001 ; Creighton et al. , 2003 ; HPA, 2010 ) . Chlamydia infection rates are disproportionately high in under 25s ( Low, 2001 ; HPA, 2010 ) . Rate of infectivity for Chlamydia at national degree for immature people aged 15-24 is one in 10 back uping the degree of sexual activity in that group ( HPA 2010 ; NHS Salford, 2010. In 2001, adult females under 20 old ages of age had reported instances of 36 % of Chlamydia. CI instances rose by 108 % during 1998 to mid-2004 ( Ryan, 2004 ) . As reported by the Department of Health ( DH ) , diagnosing of new Chlamydia and other STI diagnosed instances in the UK such as re-infections made in GUM showed a gradual rise in 1995-2009 ( Figures 2, 3 ) ( HPA, 2010 ) .Figure 2: Number of diagnosings of Chlamydia^ , England: 1995-2009Figure 3: Number of venereal Chlamydia diagnosings by sex and age group, and figure of research labs utilizing nucleic acerb elaboration trials ( NAATs ) : 1999-2008 ( females )STI informations from research lab studies in England, Wales and Scotland and Chlamydia nucleic acid elaboration trial ( NAAT ) information from the UK National External Quality Assurance Scheme ( NEQAS ) . Most people infected with Chlamydia are symptomless ( 70 % females and 50 % males ) until a diagnostic trial is performed ( HPA, 2010 ) . Chlamydia infection is important to adult females ‘s generative wellness jobs since 10-40 % of those untreated septic adult females develop PID ( Garside, 2001 ; Sweet & A ; Gibbs, 2009 ; Pippa et al. , 2010 ) . If efficient and effectual wellness steps are non administered, the disease has the potency of doing important wellness complications to adult females ‘s well-being including relentless pelvic hurting, sterility, ectopic gestation, PID, Chlamydial pneumonia of the newborn, neonatal pinkeye, pre-term labour/delivery and neonatal decease ( Figure 4 ) ( Golden, et Al, 2000 ; Simms et al. , 2000, 2007 ; Garnett, 2008 ; Oakeshott et al. , 2010 ) . There is besides greater hazard in those with repeating and untreated infections to distribute to other generative variety meats ensuing in chronic pelvic strivings ( La Montagne, et Al, 20 07 ; Evans et al. , 2009 ; Hosenfeld et al. , 2009 ) . Sweet & A ; Gibbs ( 2009 ) province that CI can besides ease HIV transmittal adding to the already long-run effects it poses.Figure 4: Chlamydial infection complicationsBeginning: HPA catching diseases surveillance Centre. The figure of diagnosed episodes of Chlamydia infection has been lifting over the past 10 old ages ( Figures 5, 6 ) . Because GUM clinic informations is skewed towards diagnostic patients and Chlamydia is extremely symptomless, prevalence is besides used to depict the epidemiology.Figure 5: Ratess of venereal Chlamydia infection adult females by age group ( 1995 – 2004 )Datas beginnings: KC60 and STISS/ISD ( D ) 5 returns from GUM clinics, United Kingdom ( HPA, London )Figure 6: Chlamydia positiveness rates in screens performed by NCSP, 2007 ( HPA, 2008 )Surveies by Pimenta et Al. ( 2003 ) and Adams et Al. ( 2005 ) support findings of highest prevalence rates of Chlamydia infection in immature adult females aged 16-24. Pimenta et Al ( 2003 ) measured prevalence of Chlamydia infections in 16-24 twelvemonth old females instead than merely reported instances from GUM clinics ( Figure 7 ) . In Portsmouth there was a 9.8 % prevalence of Chlamydia infection in 16-24 twelvemonth old adult females, with the 18-year old adult females holding the highest extremum and Wirral had 11.2 % with the 20-year old adult females holding the highest extremum ( Pimenta et al. , 2003 ) . Most of these persons from both sites would hold been incognizant of their infection and therefore at hazard of developing Chlamydial complications.Figure 7: Prevalence of Chlamydial infections, 16-24 twelvemonth old females, Portsmouth and Wirral, 1999-2000 ( Pimenta, et al. , 2003 ) .Furthermore, the economic impact of Chlamydia infections on the wellness service is tremendous with high cost in the direction of female wellness complications ( Simms, 2006 ; Skinner, 2010 ; Land et al. , 2010 ) . United kingdom costs to NHS are estimated at & gt ; ?100 million per twelvemonth ( HPA, 2010 ) . Because of the impact of CI on the wellness of immature people, it is of import to place and handle septic patients and their spouses and as a consequence cut down the load of the disease on the people and wellness systems ( Appleby et al. , 2007 ; Adams et al. , 2007 ; Low et al. , 2009 ) .2.3 Chlamydia Awareness and KnowledgeChlamydia rates of infection do vary in each part in the UK ( HPA, 2010 ) . This fluctuation may uncover the proviso of diagnostic services every bit much as disease prevalence. Unfortunately, Chlamydia trachomatis infection like most STIs brings about negative public wellness results due to its part or causes to ill-health. In the UK and other parts of the universe, CI pose tremendous challenges for public wellness such as single wellbeing, the load of wellness costs or mental wellness. Chlamydia rate of infectivity at national degree for immature people aged 15-24 is one in 10 back uping the degree of sexual activity in that group. In the UK, certain groups of populations are affected more than others therefore making sexual wellness inequalities with immature people bearing the greatest load by being disproportionately affected by CI ( Figure 8, Table 2-4 ) ( NCSP, 2009 ; Marmott, 2010 ; HPA, 2010 ) .Figure 8: Age-specific distribution of the rate of diagnosed with Chlamydia at STI clinics, England: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 2: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by gender, male sexual orientation, age group and patient state: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 3: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by gender, male sexual orientation, age group and patient SHA: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )Table 4: Number of Chlamydia diagnosings by continent of birth: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )2.4 Sexual Behaviour: Chlamydia InfectionAlthough sex has become safer to a important extent through the usage of rubbers, Chlamydia rates significantly increased in recent old ages in the UK preponderantly from assorted factors like sexual hazard behaviors and hapless infection control. It has become a major public wellness concern as highlighted in the National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV ( DH, 2001 ) . The 15-24 twelvemonth age group comprises merely 12 % of the population but has the largest diagnosing of STI instances of about 50 % of freshly acquired infections. Control of Chlamydia infection is complicated since it is symptomless. The sexual behavior of the population is an of import determiner of the rates of STIs. The National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles II identified sexual behavior as the hazard of geting an STI in the immature age groups ( McDowall et al. , 2006 ) . The factors included low age at clip of first sexual intercourse, frequent changing of spouses, increased likeliness of being involved with coincident partnerships, irregular usage of rubbers and the increased opportunities of being involved with a spouse who comes from a portion of the universe other than UK that is regarded every bit high hazard ( Figure 9 ) ( Hughes, 2000 ; Johnson, 2001, Mueller, 2008 ; Waylen, 2009 ; Skinner, 2010 ) . The immature people appear to be the cardinal portion of the hazard of go throughing on the infection to other groups of the population. Thus bar should be largely targeted at this nucleus group which would ensue in economic benefits.Figure 9: Chlamydia prevalence by hazard factors 2003  œ non GUM scenes( Montagne et al. , 2004 ) .A survey by Shiely et Al. ( 2010 ) proved that expedited spouse therapy ( EPT ) offer decreases in hazards of repeating or continual CI in straight persons, and heightening the per centum of those sex spouses who obtain intervention. Thus EPT was revealed as better than standard spouse referral over an extended scope of socio-demographic and behaviourally typical subgroups. Behavioural intercessions might be limited because picks about behavior are controlled by local context and civilization. Smedley and Syme ( 2000 ) province that, â€Å" It is clear that behaviour alteration is a hard and complex challenge. It is unreasonable to anticipate that people will alter their behaviors easy when so many forces in the societal, cultural and physical environment conspire against such alteration. † For illustration, Cohen et Al. ( 2006 ) survey found that when striplings were exposed to arouse instruction categories and parent-child communicating about sex, they intended to pattern safer sex ; nevertheless, this did non really lead to increased rubber usage. Rather, situational properties, including spouse attitudes about, or the handiness of, rubbers played a greater function in behavior. However, the effects of environmental hazards like poorness and favoritism might be moderated by intercessions focused on the person: â€Å" But such attempts do litt le to turn to the broader societal and economic forces that influence these hazards † ( Smedley & A ; Syme, 2000 ) . Bandura ( 1986 ) developed the self-efficacy theoretical account which offers a grade of confidence for working with persons in order to cut down hazardous behavior. Since the adult females are immature, they might non hold the necessary accomplishments to negociate and pull off rubber usage ; Bandura ‘s theoretical account may be specifically suited for them. Bandura suggested that persons beliefs in their competency to carry on certain behaviors impacts on the manner they engage themselves, their self-control when faced with troubles, and their effort in carry oning these behaviors. Foresight direct behavior with respect to peculiarly expected outcomes, though self-control allows for the control of behaviors based on criterions that are internal. Above all, self-reflection Lashkar-e-Taiba persons reflect on and go knowing by larning from their experiences.2.5 Sexual Health Prevention and Control: Chlamydia InfectionPeoples ‘s wellness and the societal and economic succe ss of the UK are highly connected. The related economic and societal costs of CI and other STIs to public wellness are tremendous and surpass UK ‘s hereafter. Two of Marmott ‘s ( 2010 ) six recommendations support the bar and control of STIs in UK ‘s population: â€Å" enabling all kids, immature people and grownups to maximize their capablenesss and have control over their lives † and â€Å" beef uping the function and impact of ill-health first-class wellbeing over their lives † . It is critical that the UK ‘s population is educated on sexual wellness issues so that they are able to do good informed sex determinations that contribute to their wellbeing and cut downing the load caused by STIs. Marmott ‘s study farther emphasised other research work ( Picket & A ; Wilkinson, 2009 ) that â€Å" it is non merely the hapless who suffer from the effects of inequality, but the bulk of the population † . High precedence should hence be given to the integrating of STI control measures into primary wellness attention. The world-wide involvement in and resources committed to forestalling AIDS supply a alone chance for wellness workers to do considerable advancement in commanding CI and other STIs.2.5.1 Chlamydia infection: attacks to bar and controlAlthough Chlamydia is a reportable infective disease, easy treated with antibiotics, and mostly prevented with rubber usage, challenges still exist globally in its bar and control. Public wellness efforts to forestall and command Chlamydia and other bacterial STIs have been applied through surveillance, clinical services, spouse presentment schemes and behavioral intercession schemes. Clinical services are an built-in portion of CI and other STIs bar programmes implemented in all communities. Chlamydia clinical services are available in a assortment of other scenes such as community wellness Centres, household planning clinics, GP surgeries, infirmary exigency suites, and prison scenes. Increasingly, CIs are being diagnosed in scenes other than public wellness clinics. Surveillance is a cardinal public wellness duty which involves monitoring of Chlamydia or its effects, antimicrobic opposition, sexual behavior, testing and healthcare quality and coverage. It is critical in observing and supervising disagreements in Chlamydia and other STIs. It is deficient to follow merely Chlamydia infection case-associated demographics for acquiring penetration into the kineticss of Chlamydia transmittal and its continuity in the affected communities. However, consideration into how and when to use the current schemes or to bring forth new 1s is critical for an efficient lessening in Chlamydia infection rates in the hazard groups. It is merely out of utilizing several surveillance attacks, everyday information analysis and reading, and rating that the load of these complex Chlamydia infections may be comprehended decently. Primary bar attempts include promoting rubber usage and patient instruction about abstention, hold of sexual intercourse, and monogamous sexual behavior. Secondary bar attempts include early and frequent showing, which have shown to cut down the prevalence of the disease ( CDC, 2000 ; HPA, 2010 ) .2.5.1 National chlamydia testing programme and spousesThe National Chlamydia Screening Programme ( NCSP ) was established back in 2003 in the UK to supply timeserving showing trials aiming sexually active adult females and work forces under 25 old ages of age who attend wellness and non-health attention scenes. Systematic showing in the UK is performed merely at GUM clinics. The debut of the NCSP in 2003 and other wellness screens in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and in Scotland in 2005 resulted in an addition of sexual wellness screens from 759,770 to 1,219,308. The programme was rolled out to the remainder of England in 2007 and it aims at testing immature adult females go toing GUM , household planning and expiration of gestation clinics ; foremost cervical vilification, young person clinics, colleges, schools and universities. Pharmacies are besides offering testing trials to immature adult females seeking exigency hormonal contraceptive method ( Brabin et al. , 2009 ) . The HPA was appointed in November 2005 by the DH to administrate the NCSP which is delivered by 152 PCTs in England. However, this was rolled out by the Greater Manchester wellness authorization part in Salford in December 2006 by puting up RUClear programme which works in coaction with NCSP and all registered showing sites. Its spouses include wellness attention suppliers and research labs in supplying high-quality CI surveillance informations required by the wellness protection bureau which is indispensable for placing and supervising CI wellness disparities. RUClear coordinates testing services through easy handiness of testing and intervention services every bit good as happening ways of carrying the immature population to utilize these services ( Appendix B ) . Diagnosis of Chlamydia instances increased by 7 % , 217,570 in 2009 from 203,773 in 2008 ( Table 6 ) ( HPA, 2010 ) . NCSP has national marks for which by 31st March 2010, 25 % of all 15-24 twelvemonth olds were screened a nd from 1st April 2010 to 31st March 2011 the mark was raised to 35 % ( anon. , 2010 ) .Table 6: Entire figure of Chlamydia diagnosings in GU medical specialty clinics and community-based scenes by gender, UK and England, 2008-2009The symptomless nature of CI consequences in important under sensing by instance coverage. Those who are symptomless might non obtain attention and hence are non likely to bring forth a instance study. Furthermore, CI may be distributed otherwise in similar racial or cultural group.Figure 11: NCSP proving locales by sex: England April – December 2010 ( HPA, 2011 ) .The showing and treating of Chlamydia is puting a batch of force per unit area for the Primary Care Trusts ( PCTs ) that have to present in instance the immature people are unwilling to see clinical services. The challenge is to acquire advanced methods that would carry the immature people to take on showing services. The standards for testing Chlamydia, although more loosely applicable, are chiefly for sexually active adult females and work forces aged under 25 old ages. In order for Chlamydia showing to be effectual, HAs should closely supervise attachment to testing standards. For case, when there is grounds of high rates of pregnant adult females accessing healthcare service but testing Numberss are low, so it means the recommended attention is non being received by these adult females. Provision of regular showing services for symptomless immature people-at-risk and prompt diagnosing and accurate intervention for immature people infected with or exposed to CI are critical constituents of effectual clinical CI infection bar and control. Correct designation and appropriate intervention are cardinal elements of CI clinical attention but spouse presentment services and reding are besides critical in hazard decrease. However, even with commercial handiness of good diagnostic trials, effectual medicines, and testing and intervention counsel for forestalling and bring arounding Chlamydia, several challenges restrict the full potency of these tools in supplying quality attention for the immature adult females. Given the reported high incidence rates of CI, the load is much more for immature people ( Figure 12, Table 5 ) ( Fenton et al. , 2005 ) . It is imperative to determine effectual bar programmes. Although heightening entree to Chlamydia testing has been an of import and pressing focal point of Chlamydia consciousness programmes and has led to regenerate attempts to increase entree to Chlamydia testing ( WHO, 2001 ; Santer, 2000, 2003 ; HPA, 2010 ) . As more people including this identified group aged under 25 learn their Chlamydia position, and in acknowledgment of the long latent period of the disease before symptoms prevail, factors related to Chlamydia consciousness remain important to place in order to plan comprehensive Chlamydia direction services that meet the demands of the population at hazard of infection ( Wight, 2000, 2002 ; Low, 2007 ; Brabin et al. , 2009 ) .Figure 12: Proportion of positive instances by age and sex: April – December 2010Table 5: Entire figure of Chlamydia diagnosings by patient Percentage: 2009Beginning: STI informations from GU medical specialty clinics ( HPA, 2010 )2.7 DrumheadIn drumhead, the above reappraisal signifier a background for understanding Chlamydia trachomatis infection and a yardstick for measuring the sexual wellness bar and control schemes whilst carefully considered and acknowledged the reported high incidence rates of infection. This chapter has vindicated many challenges and concerns that public wellness face today. Following is Chapter 3 depicting the adopted research methodological analysis to garnering pertinent research informations.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper 9708 ECONOMICS 9708/04 Paper 4, maximum raw mark 70 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 1 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section A 1 (a) What evidence is there in the article that the UK mobile phone companies operate in an imperfect market structure? Only four companies, can fix price, have product differentiation in the handsets, no perfect knowledge. (b) Explain the statement ‘one result will be that cross-subsidisation will disappear and the price of a new handset will go up considerably. Explanation of meaning of subsidising one product or service by the profits on another which itself may be overpriced. The removal of the subsidy will result in the price of the subsidised product increasing if profit levels are to be maintained. Often the subsidised product makes a loss but is produced because it is supplementary to other profit making products or services. (c) The article says the decision of the High Court will cost the companies ? 1. 5 billion to ? 2 billion. Explain how the phone companies might react in order to retain their profit levels. Could try to reduce labour costs, implement some redundancies, could stop research and development, could generally try to reduce costs or could try to increase revenue by promoting products through advertising. (d) Explain with the aid of a diagram how the existence of termination charges would affect consumer surplus. Termination charges are placed above the market level. Diagram should show a price above market clearing which will result in reduction in consumer surplus. 1 mark for D/S diagram correctly labelled; 1 for showing the reduced area of consumer surplus; 1 for explanation. e) Does the information lead you to agree with the spokesperson when he said that consumers should not necessarily regard the decision as a good thing? In consumers’ interest: they would save ? 700 but over next three years, price reduction would be on all calls. Against consumers’ interest: cost of telephone handset would rise; there is a fear of increased calls for text messages; possib ility of phone company finding some other way to keep profits high. [6] [4] [4] [3] [4]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 General comments for Section B The essay questions carry a maximum mark of 25. Try not to ‘bunch' marks, but use the whole mark range. If there is any doubt in your mind, give the benefit of doubt to the candidate. The difference in grades should be assessed on the ability of the candidate to demonstrate the various objectives of the examination listed in the syllabus and not purely on the ability to itemise further facts from the content of the syllabus. Marks should be awarded for the ability to demonstrate that aim (b) of the syllabus has been achieved as well as aim (a) – which refers to content knowledge. It is the objective of the examination, as listed in the syllabus, to assess both these aims. An overall guide for marks for individual questions is given below; these are from a total of 25. They may be applied proportionally of course to parts of questions where the total is less than 25: Mark 1 – 9 (Linked to level one in individual question notes). 1-5 where the answer is mostly irrelevant and only contains a few valid points made incidentally in an irrelevant context. There will also be substantial omissions of analysis. here the answer shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the meaning of the question has been properly grasped. Basic errors of theory or an inadequate development of analysis may be evident. 6–9 Mark 10 – 13 (Linked to level two in individual question notes). 10 –11 where there is evidence of an ability to identify facts or some ability at graphs and/or a fair ability to apply known laws to new situations. There should be an a ccurate although undeveloped explanation of the facts relating to the question together with an explanation of the theory, and evidence of some bility to discriminate and form elementary judgements. Do not expect a clear logical presentation. There will not be much evidence of the ability to recognise unstated assumptions, nor to examine the implications of a hypothesis, nor of the ability to organise ideas into a new unity. 12 – 13 where the answer has a more thorough relevance to the question but where the theory is incompletely explained.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 14 – 17 (Linked to level 3 in individual question notes). 4 –15 where there is a good knowledge of the facts and theory of the question, clear evidence of the ability to use the facts and theory with accurate reference to the question that may have presented the candidate with a novel ap plication. There should also be evidence, where appropriate, of the ability to examine the implications of the question and an attempt to distinguish between facts and value judgements. Clear statements, supported by reasoned arguments should be given and there should be some attempt at a conclusion to the question. There should be a reasoned structure to the whole answer. Do not expect too many extra Illustrative points which are not explicitly referred to in the question, do not expect too much critical comment on unstated assumptions 16 – 17 for an answer showing a well reasoned understanding of the question's requirements and of the relevant theory: the analysis should be sound though the illustration and development may not be very full. 18 – 25 (Linked to level 4 in individual question notes). 18 –20 where there is a thorough knowledge of the facts and theory with an excellent ability to describe, explain or analyse this in a precise, logical, reasoned manner. There should be an ability to query some of the assumptions in the question and clear evidence of an ability to distinguish between fact and value judgements and to draw some conclusions on the matter being discussed. Conclusions should be formed and expressed within a sound structured answer so that the whole is well presented. New illustrations and apposite examples should be introduced as further evidence of an ability to recognise the principles of the question and their application to relevant current situations. 1 – 25 for an answer which, given the time constraint, could not be improved significantly: it will have clear analysis, ample illustration and a good attempt at considered evaluation. Be positive in your marking, awarding marks for what is there without being too much influenced by omissions. Marks should not be deleted for inaccuracies. Corresponding marks for sub-sections. Total Mark 10 Total Mark 12 Total Mark 13 Total Mark 15 1 1-3 1-4 1-4+ 1-5 2 4-5 5-6 5-6 + 6-8 3 6-7 7-8 7-8+ 9-11 4 8-10 9-12 9-13 12-15  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section B 2 (a) Explain what is meant by efficient resource allocation in a free market. L4 L3 L2 L1 (b) For a sound explanation with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 – 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of a free market but undeveloped explanation of allocative efficiency. [4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 – 3] [10] Would you agree that in some circumstances it is best to accept the decision such as that of the French government and abandon the search for economic efficiency through the free market? [15] Discussion of the reason for market failure. Monopolies, merit goods, public goods. Consideration of whether this might apply in the case of the large engineeri ng company. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion of causes of market failure and clearly structured answer. [12 – 15]. For a fair explanation of market failure but lack of development and reasoned conclusion. 9 – 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider some market failures. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5] 3 (a) Explain how trade unions can be incorporated into the economic analysis of wage determination. [12] Candidates are asked to comment on trade unions so the economic theory of wages that they should use is that for an imperfect market. This theory should be explained using marginal revenue productivity. Trade unions can have an effect on the supply curve which is now no longer solely determined by market forces. Where the actual wage will be determined depends upon the relative strengths of the employer and the trade union. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [9 – 12] [7 – 8 D and S approach] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [7 – 8] [5-6 D and S approach] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain either the government or the unions. 5 – 6] [3+ – 4 D and S approach] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 4] [1 –3 D and S approach]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss the possible effects that trade unions might have on the economy of a country. [13] Trade unions could affect the supply of labour and working practices. They could cause production to decrease with consequent downward effects on income, spending and national income. Candidates could explain this using the multiplier concept. Union could, however, through negotiation prevent disruption of production, or could monitor the implementation of safety procedures which might involve extra spending by the employer. This might well have an upward effect on national income. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned and clear explanation with accurate development of theory contrasting possible outcomes. [9 – 13] For a clear but undeveloped explanation which concentrates on change of income in one direction only. 7 – 8] For a limited attempt to consider the theory and with a greater concentration on the descriptive elements. [5 – 6] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis are substantial. [1 – 4] 4 (a) With the help of diagrams distinguish between normal profit and abnormal profit. [10] Diagrams to show normal and abnormal profit with accompanying explanation of the c urves used in the diagram. Candidates can distinguish between perfect and imperfect markets. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation, good diagrams correctly labelled, with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 – 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. Diagrams clear but not fully labelled. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of terms but some poor diagrams. [4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 3] (b) Discuss whether firms always want to maximise profits and are able to do so in the way suggested by economic theory. 15] Discussion of the theory of profit maximisation. Candidates should consider not only whether it is possible to calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost to achieve profit maximisation but also whether the firm might have alternative aims. Sales maximisation, behavioural, managerial, satisficing, market share aims might be mentioned. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reas oned discussion and clearly structured answer. [12 – 15] For a fair discussion but undeveloped answer mentioning either only one part of the question or both parts but only scant mention of alternative aims. 9 – 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider the question with very limited development of either part. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 5 How far do you agree that low interest rates and low inflation are the most important aims of government policy in maximising economic welfare? 25] Discussion of the general macro aims of government policy with a comment on whether the two mentioned should be regarded as the most crucial. The effect of low interest rates and low inflation and po ssible links between them can be developed. Reasons should be given for either choosing or not choosing these aims as the most important. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the aims, a clear analysis of the link between them, a discussion of the possible outcome of a choosing either those aims or alternatives with a reasoned conclusion. 18 – 25] For a competent explanation of the aims but where there is only limited attempt to consider the significance of the importance of the aims. There will be some discussion but the evaluation will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 – 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. [10 – 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 – 9] 6 With the appr oval of the Malaysian government, the Swedish company IKEA, the world’s largest retailer of home furnishings, has invested $106 million in Malaysia in the past three years. It plans to open another large store in the country, employing 450 people with expected sales of approximately $50 million in the first year. (Herald Tribune Aug 15 03 p 12) (a) Use the multiplier analysis to explain what effect this investment might have on the Malaysian national income. [10] Discussion of the effect of increasing investment in terms of employment, income, spending, saving. Multiplier analysis. Usually this question is asked with reference to government spending and investment but this is a large investment and it also will have multiplier effects. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [8 – 10] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain how investment might increase income but might not deal with further increases in as they do not discuss what leakages occur at each ‘round’. 4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 3]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss whether the activities of multi-national companies are always beneficial. Candidates should discuss the effects of large companies. They could consider whether a large company is beneficial for the shareholders, the workforce and the consumer. These groups may be in different countries. They should comment on the effect in host country where wages/incomes/employment might increase and on the possible benefits for directors (and shareholders) who may be in the home country. The multi-national might have chosen to operate in the host country because of reduced costs or cheaper inputs so a comment on the possible benefits of comparative advantage would be pertinent. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. Reasoned evaluative comments should be given. 12 – 15] For a competent comment but with only limited evaluation of the effects. [9 – 11] For a correct discussion of the analysis but with only very brief, or no evaluation. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5] [15] 7 ‘There are so many difficulties in measuring living standards that w e can never be sure that people in one country are better off than those in another country. ’ Comment upon this statement. [25] Candidates should consider each part of the statement. They should discuss whether there are many difficulties in measuring living standards and give reasons for their conclusion on this part of the question. They should then consider whether it is possible to compare one country with another and discuss what use national income statistics might be. They should form an overall conclusion. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the difficulties of measuring living standards, and a clear conclusion to the assertion followed by a consideration of the usefulness of using the statistics to make comparisons. [18 – 25] For a competent explanation of the difficulties but with a limited conclusion. There will be some consideration of comparison between countries but this will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 – 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. The conclusion will be weak. [10 – 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 9]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005