Changing Women Body Standards Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The 1950s is one of the iconic eras for the curvy women led by Marilyn Monroe. The era emphasized that a fuller figure was much more beautiful than being thin. The women had long legs, were bustier and had what was described as the hourglass figure. Being curvier was the ideal height of sexiness with skinnier women being shamed as unromantic and hopeless to fall in love (Bahadur, 2014). The era saw the introduction of tablets to increase the curves for the women with advertisements of these pills everywhere. The 1960s saw the introduction of thin women with a petite frame being favored above the curvy shape in the 1950s. The women at this age were slender to a point they seemed to be emaciated. Women aimed at attaining waists that were tinier, breasts that were smaller and narrow hips. The women Body Mass Index that had increased even as celebrities dropped drastically (Copeland Jones, 2014). In order to attain this body image, weight pills to reduce the weight were developed. Ther e was also an influx of diet programs and even clubs to encourage women to watch their weight was formed. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Women Body Standards or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Rather than the pills and the weight diets being on the market what was being sold in plenty at this point were exercise programs such as aerobics exercise videos as a way to attain the tones and an athletic body (Cowlin, 2002). This body image proved even harder for some women to achieve. This was the beginning of the differences in the body images, which put pressure on the women.

Analyzing Experimentation on Animals - 1440 Words

On the debates we faced with a difficult question, on which no one could answer concretely. It’s a question about experiments on animals. In my personal opinion animals have rights, but not the same as human beings. If do not make experiments on animal, so on who? In this essay I want to focus on the animal experiments and make a detail view on it. The use of animals for scientific purposes, in order to better understand a particular disease, develop new medicines or to check the safety of a drug, causes a lot of conflicting reactions. Some believe that no moral problem is here; other, rushing to the opposite extreme, willing to justify violence in order to protect animals. Experiments on animals - are a huge industry. Every year, British scientists use nearly 3 million animals for research purposes. Most used for development and testing of drugs for human diseases, although each year about 17,000 animals are used for testing the safety of food additives and household chemicals. Now the number of animals exposed to similar experiences reduced. Although traditional animal experiments are gradually decreasing, new spheres of experimental studies are appeared. For example, now more and more animal are used for experiments in genetic engineering. In some cases, scientists introduce human genes into an animal. Such transgenic animal s can develop the disease very similar to human one. Studying the impact of the disease on the body of transgenic animals, the scientists explain theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Rights : Animal Or Its Organs And Tissues Are Used1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe experimental procedures, either a whole animal or its organs and tissues are used. For this purpose animals are euthanized (killed) by established methods. Many times, the animals surviving the clinical testing are euthanized at the end of an experiment to avoid the later pain and distress (Rusche, 2003). In some cases (for example in LD 50 analysis) animals die as a result of the experiment. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debatingRead MoreA Comparison Of Advocates And Adversaries Of Animal Research1641 Words   |  7 Pages A Comparison of Advocates and Adversaries of Animal Research Tony Lee April 20, 2015 Dr. Baine Craft Abstract The belligerent perspectives of animal research hold strongly to different goals. Advocates hold the view that animal research is beneficial to science and medicine, which can be applied for humans and animals alike. This is opposite from the perspective of adversaries who value the life of an animal, as well as related lives. History shows the progression of the adversariesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Virtue, By Jeremy Bentham And John Stuart Mill Erect The System Of Utilitarianism Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing reinforced for physicians to follow when doing research experimentation on individuals. Besides, these ethical principles are straightforward enough and familiar. For instance, we must respect human self-regard, self-determination, and their rights and interests to make choices. For this purpose, it is now my understanding that there is a difference in experimentation between â€Å"research† and â€Å"practice.† For example, experimentation by means of practice would be that a physician might recommendRead MoreAnimal Experimentation At University College London1685 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction a. Attention getter device: This is a picture of a kitten that was forced to undergo animal experimentation However, this is only one of the 11 at University College London that had part of its skull removed for a three-day round of experiments. The first day involved the kitten being paralyzed as electrodes and probes were put into their brains to be able to measure what they saw. The second day involved a plate being screwed into the skulls of the 11 kittens and they were placedRead MoreThe, The And The Rats Of Nihm And Yummy : The Last Days Of A Southside Shorty1210 Words   |  5 Pagesmany other obstacles. In the primary of all these controversial issues; this picture book â€Å"And Tango Makes Three,† author Justin Richardson and Peter Parnell, illustrated by Henry Cole tell a fictional story about the New York Central Zoo and its animal families. Besides, this book exposes many acknowledgments in its opening. At this moment in time is the first time the reader; was i ntroduced to the Zookeeper Rob Gramzay and the other friends at the Central Park Zoo. Each reader has a differentRead MoreTaking a Look at Animal Rights689 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Rights Everyday animals are kept captive in small cages, treated poorly, and experimented on all for the benefit of humans. At the same time, billions of animals are killed each year for food, again for the advantage of humans. Animal testing can be an effective tool for biomedicine research, but many of these animals are experimented on to test everyday household products like cosmetics and cleaning supplies. Animals are not capable of speaking for themselves and for researchers to benefitRead MoreEssay Detrimental Aspects of Animal Experimentation2175 Words   |  9 PagesAn intense and polarizing deliberation concerning the issue of animal experimentation and the utilization in research has been raging for years. This issue often catches newspaper headlines and strikes the heart of the American public. The opinion of advocates of animal research and the opinion of those who oppose it are quite visible in the media. Both sides tirelessly strive in advancing their unique beliefs. So far as this discussion is specifically focused on the attainment of favorable legislationRead MoreAnimal Testing. Persuasive Speech Outline Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesZoee Gaige-Wilson Persuasive Speech Outline I. Introduction Animals can be ferocious and wild, but they can also be gentle and tame. Some are our pets, and some are powerful forces that are to be respected and admired. It is as easy to appreciate a loyal dog as it is to be in awe of a lion in its natural habitat. But the truth that many people either don’t know or don’t appreciate is that animals are essential to human existence and have played a vital role in improving the quality of ourRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Effects On Society1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinguished for being time consuming, costly and complex. However, this timely manner is beneficial for society as it meant to provide an efficient and safe medication. Concerns regarding when animal studies are necessary compared to clinical trials has been a debatable topic among society. For over a decade, animal research has served as a fundamental component in many medical findings. Mousses are commonly used in laboratories, as we as humans share nearly 95% of ou r genes, making them a useful andRead MoreThe Species Corvus Corax1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe species Corvus corax is well known and recognized as one of the smartest animals in the world. Many studies have been conducted in investigating sophistication of its cognitive processes in recent years. A good number of them support this withstanding belief of high intelligence. Others reveal gaps in factors of their intelligence that were not previously presumed.. Pfuhl (2012), Schied Bugnyar (2008) and Boeckle Bugnayr (2012) studies show very proficient spatial reasoning and memory in

Bullying in Nursing - 838 Words

In a profession where caring is the epicenter of the job, it is disconcerting to see a high occurrence of bullying in the nursing environment. Lateral bullying and lateral violence are terms used to describe bullying, uncivil behavior, disrespect, social devaluing, peer control and verbal, physical and emotional abuse occurring between nurses and or colleagues (Ceravolo et al., 2012). Abusive behaviors from a superior are considered vertical or hierarchal violence and are commonly seen when the superior attempts to control or bully the nurse using their superiority, often leaving the nurse feeling defenseless due to an imbalance in power and control (Broome Williams-Evans, 2011). Some examples of bullying include harsh criticism, unfairly blaming others for mistakes, and withholding patient care information (Simons et al., 2011). In a recent study measuring workplace bullying, Simons, Stark and DeMarco (2011) found that the most common behaviors those feeling bullied experienced inc luded being assigned workloads they felt were unmanageable, and being ignored or excluded by their peers. There has been much research done on the prevalence of bullying in the nursing workplace. Smith, Andrusyszyn, and Laschinger (2010) report that up to 90% of nurses encounter bullying in the workplace. Because this has become so commonplace within the nursing environment, many nurses turn a blind eye, or passively participate in bullying, accepting it as a normal occurrence in the workplaceShow MoreRelatedNursing Bullying Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesNURSE TO NURSE BULLYING The Impact of Nurse to Nurse Bullying in the Workplace The Impact of Nurse to Nurse Bullying in the Workplace Have you ever been a target of an individual’s cruelty and hatred? It does not necessarily have to be physical, but more like being verbally degraded or publicly humiliated. The effects bullying can have on itsRead MoreBullying At The Nursing Profession845 Words   |  4 Pages Bullying in the Nursing Profession Carli Jessop Flathead Valley Community College Bullying is a term that many associate with children and while this has been recognized as a serious issue in schools across the country, such conduct unfortunately does not stop there. It has been said that nurses eat their young and while this may sound particularly extreme, bullying as well as lateral and vertical violence in the nursing profession has been an ongoing and increasingly prevalent issueRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Its Impact On The Nursing Profession1421 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace bullying is a growing problem in the American workplace and the Nursing Profession no exception. Addressing workplace bullying and its impact on the nursing profession is paramount to upholding patient safety and decreasing nursing attrition rates. Defining the problem is the first step in addressing it. In the past, workplace bullying was referred to as â€Å"Nurses eating their young.† There are many names for the various levels of workplace bullying like horizontal and lateral violenceRead MoreEssay on Bullying Within the Nursing Profession in Australia2313 Words   |  10 PagesWorkplace bullying is increasingly being recognised as a serious problem in society. Reports from the general media and professional press suggest that there is increasing evidence that the scale of bullying, harassment and violence amongst health care staff is widespread (UNISON, 2003). Chaboyer, Najman, and Dunn (2001) explain that although nursing in Australia is now considered a profession, the use of horizontal violence, bullying and aggression in nursing interactions has been identified asRead MoreBullying And The Nursing World : What Is It? Who Is Affected? How Do We Fix It1721 Words   |  7 PagesBullying in the Nursing World: What is It? Who is Affected? How Do We Fix It? Of all professions, nursing has been consistently ranked as the most honest and ethical of all professions polled. In fact, this year our profession was ranked the most honest and ethical for the thirteenth year in a row (Sachs Jones, 2014). But for our consistent rankings, there is a quiet festering problem that has been growing among us; a problem that has largely been disregarded as too infrequent to worry aboutRead MoreVertical Violence And Its Effects On The Nursing Profession1107 Words   |  5 PagesNursing is a profession that is based on the principles of caring and ethics. For years nursing has been continuously ranked as the most trusted profession (Riffkin, 2014). Nurses advocate for patients even if it means standing up to doctors and hospital administrators. Shockingly, for a job rooted in compassion, horizontal violence is a devastatingly common occurrence in the nursing profession. Horizontal violence, or workplace bullying, is defined as repeated incidences of agg ressive behaviourRead MoreWorkplace Bullying Is A Phenomenon That Affects Many Organizations Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace bullying is a phenomenon that affects many organizations, especially among healthcare professionals. â€Å"Bullying of nurses has been identified as affecting patient outcomes, occupational stress, and staff turnover with fifty percent of those reported being bullied identified managers or directors as the bullies†(Etienne, 2014, p. 6). This paper will analyze data, information, knowledge, and wisdom continuum as it relates to workplace bullying in the healthcare environment. It will identifyRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Effective And Ineffective Management Strategies1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they have been affected by workplace bullying, whether they were the target or the witness (2). The nursing profession is no exception to this startling statistic. Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) and The Joint Commission (TJC) have add ressed the need for a positive work environment that is â€Å"free of abusive behavior, such as bullying, hostility, abuse of authority, and reprisal for identifying abuse in the workplace† (8). Bullying in nursing is thought to begin during undergraduateRead MorePersonal Statement : Florence Nightingale Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages for centuries, were on the front lines, taking care of the sick and wounded by any means necessary, forsaking their own happiness for the care of others. Their dedication was endless, going hours without sleep, and possibly days without eating. Nursing was and currently is a taxing career, that demands perseverance, patience, compassion, and trust. A nurse was once held in high esteem, considered the guardian angel to many, at times respected more than the physician. Florence Nightingale establishedRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On The Health Care Industry1437 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Bullying is a prevalent problem that has existed in the health care industry for a long time, but people did not want to talk about it and it was kept as an ugly secret. When the occurrence of misbehavior increased over time, health care providers started breaking the silence. The evidence of bullying has shown the effect on patient outcomes as well as the victims. According to studies, nurses particularly younger age females are more susceptible to bullying than any other health

Public Relations Management And Tactics

Question: Discuss about thePublic Relations Management And Tactics. Answer: Introduction: Roxy Jacenko: Past Life and Career Background Roxy Jacenko was born in 1980 in Sydney to a middle-class family. Her parents were capable of supplying her every wish since childhood, but they refrained from fulfilling Roxy's every other wish. Roxy undertook her education in a private school in Sydney. She in multiple interviews and posts commented about how particularly bad she was at school. She did not like to study and understood the rationale behind taking up a job at the age of 12. Roxy Jacenko started out in a McDonald's Drive through the outlet and handed over meals to motorists from a very young age. While she was studying her high school education, she got involved in the family fashion business (Dickerson 2003). But to everyone's amazement, her mother fired her from the family business over arguments about running the business appropriately. Apparently, Roxy had different ideas about running the family business on which point her family disagreed with her style of running the business. Striking Gold: New Found Confidence in PR Wing of Diesel After that, she undertook a formal training in public relations and was employed as a receptionist at the popular clothing brand Diesel'. She says that her learning experience at Diesel was immense and helped her to understand how to run a business successfully. She undertook every challenge and job that was bestowed upon her and never said no to anything thrown at her. She chanced to pounce on every other learning experience at Diesel (Green 2010). As the organization was small and well trimmed, she made her way to all departments and changed job profiles quickly. It was when she was brought down to the Public Relations department of Diesel', she was overwhelmed and claimed it to be a moment of truth where she discovered that it was PR where she enjoyed her niche. She was comfortable in dealing with every situation and responded to the crisis situations appropriately. She managed the PR brilliantly, contemporaries of Diesel, often enquired about who does the PR for Diesel. She made Diesel her classroom and her PR sector her empty canvas ready for a masterpiece. At the age of 24, she realized that she is doing no justice to her entrepreneurial skills by working at Diesel. She left Diesel PR and started her company under the name of Sweaty Betty PR. Sweaty Betty PR Caters to High Profile Clients Roxy had built the reputation of the firm in such a way that people know if they email Roxy, the answer's already on its way. It often claimed by recipients of Roxy's email within 30 seconds the reply has already been received on your system (Galliers and Leidner 2003). Within a short time, Sweaty Betty had over 150 clients with an annual turnover of 10 million AUS dollars. She was a full packaged powerhouse on her own. She has now downsized the number of clients in her company to around 50 something. The company and its leadership was getting apprehensive of providing quality services to its clients and feared downfall in their PR management strategies (Tracy 2014). She also funded the Ministry of Talent which is an initiative on her part to draw the online crowd onto her PR boat. The Ministry of Talent is now garnering 3 million in revenues each year. Roxy also co-owns Pixie Accessories, a hair accessory brand named after her four-year-old daughter Pixie. The other owner is her dau ghter herself, Pixie Jacenko. Theoretical Framework of PR Management Tactics PR works and suits best when it is treated as a strategic management practice tool. The Strategic managing of public relations in an organization is crucial as it represents the entire organization. The PR management tool is an effective way of handling the customer and shareholders perception (York 2010). The PR persons might want to make use of press release, briefs, statements, and others but thorough background research about a particular situation or crisis may be a well-informed choice which usually precedes other PR functions. The Strategic Planning of PR Process that we Have Developed The proper usage of formative research to identify the situation facing the company to correctly and appropriately designate and define the problem (Saffir 2000). The problem definition is of utmost importance; it is through this step and guideline that a PR manager successfully addresses the cause of the origin of the issue and tackles them effectively. The Second phase of a PR process is to develop a strategic plan of action which is the guidelines obtained from the survey or research work conducted about the subject on the previous step. Without the proper existence of clear-cut goals and objectives including measurable outcomes, and effective target based metrics. Taking further stock of the situation from the preliminary step of formative research and further substantiating your collected data by correlating them with other similar metrics based sources (Murray and Murray 2010). Data repositories can be especially useful in these situations, which can supplement any information with relevant content and accessory data analysis. The company which employs the PR must be notified about the possible outcomes and valid scenarios from the analysis of research data. Further notification to the PR implementation personnel on steps to be taken while executing the functionary of strategic PR and subtle details on which areas to focus on. The execution of the plan is done here in this step. The execution is done via the use of communication tools so that the objectives and goals are met and contribute in reaching those objectives (Govaert 2009). The last step in this process is to make sure that the plan is successful and appropriately contributes to the fulfillment of desired goals and objectives. The usage of evaluation tools is necessary for securing the utility of this practice in the future. Feedback is generated at this stage and sent to the represented company. Application of the Above Framework in Sweaty Betty PR Roxy Jacenko in her early days was quite proactive in her background research about the client she represents. The research and surveys the firm had invested upon, has been ever since paying capital returns. There are efficient mechanisms in place at the Sweaty Betty and Ministry of Talent premises to quickly investigate a situation and deploy their best data analytics personnel to crunch the numbers (Wink 2009). The situation would be immediately reported back to Roxy. The firm had the capability to execute. This being said the plans were converted to actions very soon enough from being launched at the table on the same morning. The firm was used to the habit of instant application; the employees were all ready to execute whatever came their way. There was no time for a second thought process. The decisions were primarily taken by Roxy. The person or company would be consulted on the firm and the decisions reconsidered. Roxy has always mentioned that she did poorly at a fair number of sectors. She suffered losses and massive catastrophes regarding PR due to her company's poor management of social media and its affairs. The company before the crucial decision about its clients major events or news briefs undergoes another round of mind storming about the possible outcomes. Scenarios are set up and tested with parameters. At this stage, Roxy says she had faltered many times, but overcame her moments with an air of great diffidence (Strategic plan 2010). The plan is executed. Feedback for the client is generated by Sweaty Betty PR at this level after confirmation of the success of the subject event. References Dickerson, K. (2003).Inside the fashion business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Galliers, R. and Leidner, D. (2003).Strategic information management. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Govaert, G. (2009).Data analysis. London: ISTE. Green, A. (2010).Creativity in public relations. London: Kogan Page. Murray, A. and Murray, A. (2010).Effective PR. London: Teach Yourself. Saffir, L. (2000).Power public relations. Lincolnwood, Ill.: NTC Business Books. Strategic plan. (2010). Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York: American Management Association. Wink, D. (2009). Communication Tools.Nurse Educator, 34(5), pp.189-191. York, R. (2010).Powerhouse. Toronto: Harlequin.

Swot Analysis of Vodafone Group Plc

Question: Discuss about theSwot Analysis of Vodafone Group Plc. Answer: Introduction What makes SWOT specifically intense is that, with a touch notion, it may assist display openings that an agency could be very a whole lot placed to exploitation. What's more, through comprehension the shortcomings of a business, organizations can oversee and dispense with risks that might a few way or some other capture them unprepared (Andersen, 2016). Greater than this, by taking a glimpse at your company and your rivals business enterprise utilizing the SWOT system, organizations can begin to make a process that facilitates them separate their operations from your rivals; with the intention that the commercial enterprise can contend efficiently in a market (Miller, 2012). Background of Organization According to Andersen (2016), knowing the historic backdrop of an enterprise can change the overall factor of view in the direction of the employer itself, as well as the overall populace behind it. Right here, we will check out the historic backdrop and the SWOT analysis of one UK organization, specifically Vodafone. To begin with, the significance of Vodafone starts from "voice-records-phone", and transformed into picked with the helpful asset of the association to "mirror the game plan of voice and records benefits over cell phones." the headway of "Vodafone" started out in 1982 with the establishment of the 'racal key radio ltd' reinforcement of racal gadgets percent, which changed into the United Kingdom's finest producer of naval force radio advancement. They, therefore, confined a joint undertaking with Millicom known as 'racal', that over the long haul formed into the overall day, Vodafone (Barney, 2011). According to the annual report of Vodafone, they realized 42.2 billion in 2014. 2014 saw solid development in the majority of developing markets balanced by a decrease in Europe; however, numerous European markets are hinting at adjustment. Their noteworthy venture program has prompted to a sharp ascent in their capital use and Vodafone has expanded the profit (earnings per share). Competitor Analysis A competitive analysis is a basic piece of a business enterprise selling association. With this assessment, corporations can installation what makes their object or provider novel - and finally what properties the managers play up keeping in mind the stop intention to draw inside the objective marketplace (Damodaran, 2012). As the European telecommunications market is significantly inundated and overseen, it is depicted by atypical measures of resistance, in the meantime as the circumstance in the creating business sector is more perfect for Vodafone. Telefonica O2, T?mobile, Orange and "3" are the dominating contenders of Vodafone inside the communicate correspondences show. SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis table Strengths i. A well-known telecommunications supplier in India ii. Established telecom in the various continents iii. First Indian operator with an intercontinental Submarine Cable iv. Extraordinary brand perceptibility and firm advertisements v. Sponsorship with global sporting events such as Formula One Weaknesses i. Price Competition from MTNL and BSNL ii. Unexploited Rural Market iii. Centralized control low flexibility iv. High customer churn rates v. Negative marketing in certain regions Opportunities i. low cost and latest technology ii. Untouched rural market iii. Expanding market restrictions iv. Growth through 3G v. Fast-expanding telecom industry Threats i. New-fangled entrant's low prices ii. Saturation of the market in basic telephony service iii. Mobile Number Portability iv. Bigger competition v. Saturation of market in Europe Explanation and discussion of SWOT Analysis Elements (based on 4 a) Strengths The precept nice of Vodafone inside the broadcast communications put it up for sale lies in its mark photograph and response. After setting up a global presence and placed particularly in showcasing a separated picture by advancing a Vodafone manner of life, at present appreciates a setting apart advantage that, if abused as it should be, can offer a lead inside the opposition. The nearness of Vodafone in numerous countries interior Europe and in addition at the entire a few part of the sector improves this picture. It lets in clients to travel and recognize effortlessly the offerings in their kingdom. Within a couple of nations that Vodafone is not bodily gift (for example Norway) it has well?established key unions which don't forget an advanced provider of versatile customers (Damodaran, 2014). Weaknesses Vodafone in reality, forced a unified operational structure for the gathering, designating the United Kingdom base camp as the main area of expertise unit jogging an incredibly unified advertising and handset acquirement on the aggregate degree. This introduced about the brush aside of neighborhood markets and instantaneous contrasts, permitting a piece of the overall industry to be picked up by way of littler neighborhood competitors. Because of the particularly immersed western European market, this has introduced about a spread inside the fee versatility of hobby, with clients growing persistently cost determined. This added about high purchaser stir costs reaching the level of 33.1% within the United Kingdom contrasted with O2's 25% (Damodaran, 2014). Opportunities The communications marketplace, no matter the truth that relatively soaked in a few locales offers notable capacity because of the maturing populace together with the advancement of the consumers. It offers outstanding open doorways via a cautious marketplace segmentation and misuse of precise useful segments. In a book by Johnson et al (2015), various techniques have to be prominent honest phones and disentangled evaluating preparations to the maturing population and greater redesigned, superior solutions for extra younger eras. The growing limits of the market may want to give promote openings via allowing Vodafone to go into all of the more forcefully into fixed?line provider and to higher respect the benefits of its excessive interest in 3G innovation. Threats Vodafone's market in Europe is portrayed by present multiplied quantities of competition. Good sized brands, as an instance, T-Mobile and O2 are abusing the fee affectability of consumers and thusly, they're constructing a more grounded appearance and nearness in the marketplace (McGee et al, 2015). Aberrant opposition is likewise increasing in addition, via the nearness of Skype and different related (not just voice) internet?primarily based services. This, joined with the up and coming authoritative measures is required to constrain improve the levies for the gadget suppliers forcing the in addition requirement for value cuts, which can harm the principle difficulty productivity of the corporation. Conclusion No matter threats and weaknesses, Vodafones enterprise is in no up and coming risk. It's far an all-around controlled company in order to live to tell the tale. The stake deal in Verizon (a US telecoms company) has colossally assisted in restoring the proprietor's debts and money is being positioned proficiently in specific undertakings. Bits of gossip are there about ATT's enthusiasm for Vodafone. Until such a far-fetched bargain happens, the Vodafone emblem is digging in for the long haul and it'll stay one of the essential media transmission companies of the arena. References Andersen, T. J. (2016) Global Derivatives A Strategic Risk Management Perspective. Pearson Education, Harlow, England Andersen, T. J. (2016) Perspectives on SWOT Analysis and Strategic Risk Management. Copenhagen Business School Press Barney, J. (2011) Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 1991, vol. 17, no. 1, pg. 99?120 Damodaran, A. (2012) Investment valuation: Tools and Techniques for determining the Value of Any Asset. John Wiley Sons, New York Damodaran, A. (2014) Strategic Risk Taking. Wharton School Publishing, New Jersey Johnson, G., Scholes, K., Whittington, R. (2015) The Environment, Exploring Corporate Strategy, Pearson Education, pp. 64?87 McGee, J., Thomas, H., and Wilson, D. (2015) Strategy Analysis Practice. McGraw?Hill Maidenhead, UK Miller K. D. (2012) A framework for integrated risk management in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 1992, vol. 23, no. 2, pg. 311?331 Schrder, P. W. (2016) Impediments to effective risk management, Perspectives on Strategic Risk Management. Andersen, T. J. Copenhagen Business School Press)

Monsanto IT Opportunities and Risks

Question: Discuss about theMonsanto IT Opportunities and Risks. Answer: Introduction Monsanto is an American multinational agricultural biotechnology and agrochemical company. It is the leading producer of the Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide and genetically engineered seed in the world. Monsanto was among the first company to successfully conduct field trials on the genetically modified crops and the first to apply in agriculture the biotechnology business model through the use of the techniques developed by biotech drug companies (Hirschler Kelland 2012). According to Hartwell and Martucci (2010), Monsanto has operations in different parts of the world like Asia, Africa, Canada, US, South America and Europe. The company employs approximately 26,100, and its headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. This paper will analyse the IT opportunities and the risks of Monsanto Company. Monsanto IT Opportunities According to Griffin (2007), the ability to discover companys hidden opportunities can act as a source of competitive advantage. Organisation opportunities are the areas that a business can exploit to its advantage. A SWOT analysis is one of the tools used by companies to identify hidden opportunities from the external environment. The Monsanto IT opportunities include the following; Turn Data into Food According to Monsanto Company CIO James D. Swanson the company technology mission of turning data into food summarises the companys future IT analysis about yielding digitally and creates numerous opportunities for the IT to facilitate the growth in the agronomy field. Over the years, Monsanto Company has had a strong historical research relating to genomic alteration and is currently in the process of accumulating their best combinations to ensure higher yield of the new varieties through the use of the existing genes. A number of opportunities are available to Monsanto Company from different IT platforms as the company seeks the collaboration of mobile devices, logistics, barcode scanners and RFID tags because these will create opportunities for the company to make historical advancement and optimise its operations in the agriculture industry through extensive research. Innovation Driven Monsanto Company continues with its innovation activities by concentrating on three preliminary steps which include; first, searching for new ideas and boosting its own IT system. Second, entering in strategic partnership with eligible organisations aimed at combining strengths to aid in the development of technology. Third, the company acquisition of appropriate technology, for example, Monsanto Company has recently acquired Climate Corporation a company leading in providing the local weather updates through climate analysis. It is the belief of Monsanto Company that every company should design its own vision in a way that it ensures the company keep speeding its pace and running for it. As such the company vision should not be attainable but rather should always be improvising. Such a vision helps the company to drive more close to innovation and think more broadly. The main focus of the company should be delivering value to its consumers and therefore, according to Monsanto Compan y innovation does not have to necessarily be in-house. Therefore, innovation can come from different sources. However, the company has a duty to the monitor the future implications of innovation to the company and ensure quick response in delivering value. Monsanto Company believes in being alert to new innovations across the globe. The company also explores new ideas from different sources and bring them together with the aim of building a stronger technology. IT as a Brand of Monsanto The Monsanto Company IT is a brand on its self and has been a source of the company competitive advantage. The company IT plays a significant role in research and continues to add value to the organisation. The main aim of the company IT is to enhance business productivity and revenue by creating efficiency as well as acting as a transformation agent for the organisation. The IT can be used by companies to introduce and use disruptive innovations to create new opportunities for the organisation. Monsanto Company can use IT to increase its sales volume and transform its whole business processes through automation and reduction of the company expenditure and the overall costs. Sustainability Management through IT In June 2014, Monsanto Company announced the selection of the Locus Technologies to provide comprehensive, integrated software to the company with the objective of creating a sustainable management and environment stewardship by use of the corporation facilities. Monsanto has adopted the Global Reporting Initiative framework which is a comprehensive reporting structure used widely around the world to effectively evaluate, communicate and build upon the company current sustainability efforts. Monsanto Company is a member of GRIG4 pioneer program, and to enable its transition to the new GRIG$ platform the company is using Locus enhanced data collection process. The company has already implemented the Locus award-winning EHS and sustainability software platform to provide with enterprise tools to organise GRI reporting solution and indicator collection for its corporate sustainability. The adoption of this technology enables the company site personnel to enter GRI indicator data and pro duce reports for their sites. As such, the company personnel can produce aggregated data reports for the entire organisation for use in automation and preparation of their GRI reports. Digital Technologies According to Monsanto Company, digital technologies can be used to ensure more accurate inventory and timely information hence simplifying the retail seed business. As such, the adoption of the technologies can improve the level of professionalism seed dealers demonstrate to farmers, thus, enhancing trust because the farmers are aware that their seed dealer is aware of and have accurate inventory count and can provide them with the products they need whenever they need it. The digital technologies help trace and track products through the distribution channel and to the acre, thus, enabling seed sustainability and stewardship to protect business investments. Digital technology has the effect of creating confidence and trust in the bill given to them at retail. Use of Online Platform through E-commerce Monsanto Company has adopted the use of e-solutions to provide electronic solutions to match various businesses irrespective of their operations technical sophistication and size. Thus, the e-solutions provide a competitive electronic business tool to Deltapine, DEKALB and Asgrow seed dealers. The use of e-solutions provides the seed dealers with everything at their fingertips from seed ordering, invoicing, sales reporting and inventory management. Monsanto Company e-solutions tools include; One, MyMonsanto- it is a transactional website which enables seed dealers, seed contract managers and crop protection distributors to gain access to sales, financial, order reports and seed stewardship tool along with links to other pertinent websites and document forms. The most frequently used feature of the MyMonsanto is the seed ordering which allows flexibility order management and order targeting. Two, SeedTrack- it's a proprietary software targeting Asgrow and DEKALB seed dealers only and not the retailers selling other crop inputs or multiple brands. The SeedTrack has various business tools like inventory management with a delivery notification, seed ordering, invoicing, customer quotes as well as delivery receipts for the customers. The use of E-connectivity increases operational efficiency through the use of proven approach in the transmission of information electronically between the company and diverse retail partner systems. The service targets the retailers using accounting software systems that support multiple service and crop input. Some of the benefits of using the service include a timely exchange of critical business information, enhanced accuracy, reduction in the need for manual inventory and a single point of data submission in retailers system. Strategic Transformation According to the September 2015 Computer Business Review reports, Monsanto Company is in planning to enter the Big Data market with its focus on agriculture. The report further reveals that the company has in the recent months been meeting a large number of Tech start-up with the plans of acquiring some of them. Monsanto Company plans on offering hardware and software tools that use data to help boost the crops yields such as intelligent seed choices and data soil chemistry. Monsanto shift highlights a growing trend by market specific companies to offer dedicated services. Customers prefer these solutions rather than the general analytics platform that are not specifically designed to suit their needs. Digital Farming In October 2014, St. Louis Business Journal reported that Monsanto Company will in the next two years invest over $20 million with the aim of accelerating its plant breeding program. The journal further claimed that the money would be used in developing integrated technology centres in Indiana, Illinois, Nerbraska, Minnesota, Maryland and Lowa. According to Monsanto, in an effort to speed the breeding pace the centres will combine breeding research with the predictive analytics and data science. In an interview, Mike Graham said that the data collected over the years by Monsanto in genetic research and field trials could be used to help researchers predict the performance of hybrid and inbred lines in the unwavering company search for a higher-yielding seed. Graham further claimed that the data could be used by the company to improve its efficiency and act as a source of its competitive edge in the industry. In a statement, Monsanto VP of the global plant breeding, Sam Eathington cla imed that the company was at a unique inflexion point in plant breeding evolution where predictive analytics and data science will help in unlocking the previously untapped plant genetics potential. Risk of IT at Monsanto In the argument of Kreitner (2009), risks are can either be internal or external threats or anything that is likely to adversely affect business. The organisation success over the long run depends on the management ability to identify the risks facing the business and their ability to develop appropriate strategies to address those risks. Piercy and Giles (2009) claim that the failure of the business management to implement appropriate strategies to address the risks facing a business could impact negatively on its profitability and competitiveness. A SWOT analysis could be used to help identify the risks facing an organisation. Monsanto IT risks include the following; IT Culture Conflict Over the years, Swanson has been on a mission trying to change the organisation IT culture at Merck. Merck largely relies on the internal employees to develop the systems they need whereas Johnson and Johnson, a former employer, tend to buy more than they build. He doesnt believe that there is a good reason to build from scratch. In his view, the market has mature products that meet the company needs and thus, no need to build from scratch. Rising Competition In September 2015, Computer Business Review reported that the company is facing a formidable competition. Accenture offers Connected Crop Solutions and Precision Agriculture Service, and the market is flooded with start-ups. For example, according to the article, Agrilyst offers to greenhouse growers online platform for data analytics. Cyber Security Cyber security is one of the challenges facing Monsanto. WSJ in 2015 reported that the company had invested huge resources in cyber security as the farming business grows more data centric, with algorithm-driven planting and satellite-steered tractors services expanding across the US Farm Belt. According to CTO Robert Fraley, the industry is still new to it. He further claimed that the company was consulting with cyber security experts and the government as its shores up its defences given the strength and frequency of the cyber attacks. However, he claimed that we are living in a world where will never be 100% effective. Greens Revolt In the recent years, Monsanto has become a huge target by environmentalist protesters and critics who fear the health risks and implications of the Genetically Modified Organisms. A study conducted in January 2015, found that Soybean workers were exposed to the agrochemicals like glyphosate, which is one of the Monsanto main components in the production of Roundup herbicide while other biocides suffered from cell damage and elevated DNA. The study which was published in Genetic Toxicology/ Mutation Research and the Environmental Mutagenesis journal involved 127 people among them 81 were exposed to biocides while working in Brazillian Soybean industry and 46 non-exposed persons were in a controlled group. According to researcher Danieli Benedetti and his team, the exposed group exhibited damaged DNA and elevated level of cellular apoptosis. The study concluded that the genetically-modified soybeans used in the state of Rio Grande do Sul has toxic ramifications for the workers especially those used in the city of Espumoso. The genetically modified seeds produced by multinational agribusiness conglomerates like Monsanto are developed to withstand drenching by glyphosate and other biocides with the aim of terminating weed nuisances, fungus and insects. According to studies, glyphosate is associated with the fatal kidney disease which has affected poor farming regions globally. The United States has approved Monsanto new genetically modified cotton and soybeans designed to withstand a dominant biocide that fights weed resistance developed due to the companys glyphosate-based Roundup herbicide. Monsanto Company has faced numerous legal battles. It is reported that the company lost approximately $156 million as a result of a legal settlement in an environmental legal case. Activists from five continents around the globe organised a resistance under the March against Monsanto which comprised of 52 nations, in May 2014. The company continues to witness more protests against it. In the recent times, more than 120 organisations have joined the annual We are Fed Up demonstrations focusing on the increased importation of the American farming practises like chemical meat treatment, genetic modification and the frequent animal antibiotic injections as a result of the implementation of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. In a statement, Monsanto said it would not try to increase approved Genetically Modified crops in Europe due to consistent pushback. Reference List Griffin, R. W. (2007). Fundamentals of management: core concepts and applications. Boston, Mass, Houghton Mifflin. Hartwell, M. Martucci, D. (2010). Monsanto: A Marketing Case Study. Hirschler, B. Kelland, K. (2012). Study on Monsanto GM corn concerns draws skepticism. Reuters: Ed UK, 20. Kreitner, R. (2009). Management. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co. Piercy, N. Giles, W. (2009). Making SWOT analysis work. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 7(5/6), pp.5-7.

Internship Report on Prime Bank free essay sample

An Internship Report Prime Bank Limited, Rajshahi Branch, Rajshahi Submitted to Department of Management University of Rajshahi Prepared by Supervised by Md. Sohel Rana Dr. Md. Zafor Sadique EMBA Second Batch Professor Semester (1st January 2009) Department of Management Id No: 09151009 Rajshahi University Management Department Rajshahi University This is to certify that Md. Sohel Rana a student of EMBA program under the department of Management, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi has been undergoing a 12 weeks-long internship Program at our branch with effect from 05. 01. 2011. The participation of Md. Sohel Rana internee in the Internship Program at our Branch has also been found impressive, praiseworthy enthusiastic. We wish him every success in life. Md. Shamsuddin Senior Assistant Vice President Head of Branch Rajshahi Branch Rajshahi. Chapter One: General Concept about Internship ? Definition of Internship ? Important of Internship ? Objective of Internship Contents Chapter One: General Concept about Internship ? Definition of Internship ? Important of Internship ? Objective of Internship ? Limitation of Internship Chapter Two: Methodology of the study ? Methodology ? Sources of Data Chapter Three: Rajshahi branch of Prime Bank Limited ? Organizational Profile ? Objective of the Bank ? Vision of PBL ? Mission of PBL ? Capital Structure of PBL Asset and liability ? Deposit performance ? List of board director ? Background of PBL Rajshahi Branch ? Personal position of PBL Rajshahi ? Department of Rajshahi Branch Chapter Four: General Banking Department ? Activity of General Banking ? Account opening section ? Local remittance section ? Types of account ? Necessary document and formalities of open an account ? Current account ? Saving account ? Short Notice Deposit ? Cheque ? Issue of Cheque book ? Deposit Scheme sec tion Fixed Deposit Receipt ? Procedure and Requirement of issuing FDR ? Rate of Interest of FDR ? The process of giving interest and encashment of FDR ? Clearing Section ? Activity of this section ? Cash Section ? Cash Receiving ? Cash Payment ? Cash Shorting ? Vault Maintenance ? Online Branch Banking Section Chapter Five: Foreign Exchange Branch ? Introduction ? Legal Basis of Foreign Exchange Branch ? Import Section ? Major Mindings ? SWOT Analysis ? Chapter Six: Quality of Work Life

Dreams Essays - A Dream, Dream, Verbal Language In Dreams

Dreams A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me to a place not so far away where a dream is a dream and skies aren't so grey. A dream is a dream, is a dream. So come with me and fly away. So come with me and fly away to a place where there's always a way, and no reason not to stay. So stay with me in this place tonight, I promise you I'll hold you tight. A dream is a dream, is a dream, so please stay with me in this dream tonight

Effects Of Recycling Essays

Effects Of Recycling Essays Effects Of Recycling Essay Effects Of Recycling Essay Sing the consequence of scientific and technological innovations. the construct of waste to wealth is an environmental issue. 1. Climate Change When treating the original ( virgin ) stuff. the sum of energy expended in their extraction every bit good as transit normally involve firing fuels which beginnings of nursery gas emanations. Although production of goods through recycling requires usage of energy as good. the sum required is much less than what would be required for pull outing. fabrication and transporting the original stuffs. Besides. to a big extent. the procedure of waste to wealth reduces the production of big measures of nursery gases emitted from incinerators and landfills. Waste-to- wealth undertaking through recycling besides soaks up C dioxide from the air as it slows down the rate of deforestation which serves as C sink. 2. Water Pollution Recycling reduces H2O pollution in many ways. Many harmful waste and chemicals are dumped in organic structures of H2O because we produce a batch of rubbish. Recycling reduces this rubbish. Our dumping of this rubbish in the ocean affect many aquatic animate beings. About three hundred billion lbs of plastic is produced wholly in the universe. and merely a little part is recycled. while most of the staying are dumped in the ocean. Imagine that! Some of the harmful chemicals in our refuse from landfills could ooze into the land. and sooner or later acquire to the ocean and other H2O organic structures non burying our groundwater. This pollutes H2O. By recycling we produce less andreduce the sum of refuse green goods and chemicals dumped in our H2O organic structures. With recycling there isn’t the demand to do new merchandises. This means that the energy required to do these merchandises is conserved. This energy is generated from coal-burning powers Stationss and at that place . sulfur dioxide is emitted into the ambiance. Sulphur dioxide combines with H2O in the ambiance to bring forth sulfuric acid which condenses to the land in signifier of acerb rain and lowers the H2O pH. 3. Air Pollution With recycling. less sum of fossil fuel is required to bring forth and hence. less greenhouse gases are pumped into the ambiance. It besides reduces sum of emanations from incinerators every bit good as slows down the tree-felling procedure. With photosynthesis. the trees absorb the carbon-dioxide in the ambiance. The Downside In some instances nevertheless. recycling may be the beginning of air pollution as seen in Houston in 2013 where the metal recycling undertaking was seen to be let go ofing fume every bit good as cancer-causing chemicals into nearby vicinity. Besides the welding every bit good as cutting procedures of the metal was let go ofing metal compounds in the air which is non good for the people inhaling it as it is toxicant when combined in the blood. So. sometimes. recycling can do more air pollution. 4. Soil Pollution. Soil pollution is a signifier of land pollution. where the upper bed of the dirt is damaged. The inordinate usage of chemical fertilisers. dirt eroding caused by running H2O and other plague control measures leads to loss of fertile land for agribusiness. workss for forest screen and besides fresh fish spots for croping. With recycling. there is less waste put in landfills. Landfills are bad because there is normally a really high concentration of stuffs which are non biodegradable and these cause toxic chemicals to slowly leach into the dirt around. However. compositing of biodegradable stuff such as foliages and nutrient waste enrich the dirt as they introduce C. nitrogeb and other inorganic compounds that are good for some soil-resident beings and besides reduces the demand for unreal fertilisers. On the downside. paper recycling is really expensive and the procedure of bleaching is greatly practiced in this procedure in order to do the recycled paper every bit bright as original documents. The procedure of decoloring utilizations harmful chemicals which defeats the purpose of recycling Decision Recycling affects the environment in many ways. both positive and negative. Each one of us can hold an impact on bettering the environment and doing a witting attempt to cut down. reuse. and recycle in order to hold a positive consequence on the environment Mention hypertext transfer protocol: //www. conserve-energy-future. com/causes-effects-solutions-of-land-pollution. php Recycling and Climate Change hypertext transfer protocol: //www. plantops. umich. edu/grounds/recycle/climate_change. php ( Aug 22. 2014 ) Retrieved 2014. October 29. hypertext transfer protocol: //answers. yokel. com/question/index? qid=20081208191457AAUeMoi hypertext transfer protocol: //www. poconorecord. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20080506/MULTIMEDIA02/80505016 [ web log station ] Retrieved 2014. October 29. How Does Recycling Influence Air Pollution? by Fraser Sherman. Demand Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //classroom. equivalent word. com/recycling-influence-air-pollution-8489. hypertext markup language [ Web log station ] Media. Synonym. com  © 2001-2014 Retrieved 2014. October 29.

Free Essays on Tuberculosis

Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative.... Free Essays on Tuberculosis Free Essays on Tuberculosis Speech: Tuberculosis General Purpose: To inform those that don’t know the seriousness of tuberculosis and how not to take it likely because it is contagious. Specific purpose: To let everyone know exactly what is tuberculosis, how is it spreaded , the symptoms, and what they can do prevent it. Introduction: Attention getting material: I’m planning on showing the difference between a unaffected and a affected lung. Which will signify how bad tuberculosis really affects the lungs in the body when it has been affected with the disease. The whole purpose of this attention getter is to get everybody to see how important tuberculosis is and how important to get tested if haven’t done so already. I. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. A. Over eight million cases of active TB occur in the world each year. B. TB attacks the lungs, but the infection can spread to other organs in the body. II. Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through the air. A. When people with TB in their lungs or throat cough, laugh, sneeze, sing, or even talk, the germs that cause TB may be spread into the air. B. The disease may occur within weeks after the primary infection or it may lie dormant for years before causing disease. III. A person with TB disease may feel perfectly healthy or may only have a Cough from time to time. A. TB comes with several symptoms. 1.cough 2.fever 3.fatigue 4.weight loss 5.coughing up blood 6.night sweats 7.diarrhea 8.chest pain IV. Find out if you’re infected with TB. A. Everyone should be skin tested at least once and know whether their test results is positive or negative....

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names

7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names 7 Rules for Identifying People by Place Names By Mark Nichol George R. Stewart, if he is remembered today at all, is noted as the writer of Earth Abides, a seminal work in the science fiction subgenre of the postapocalyptic novel. But to some language geeks he is hailed as an onomastician, a scholar of place names. Stewart, in the 1930s, is perhaps best known in the latter role for proposing a schema for how to identify someone according to their place of origin or residence. Journalist and scholar H.L. Mencken was reportedly so impressed with the following distillation that he named them Stewart’s Laws of Municipal Onomastics: 1. Add -n to a place name ending in -a or -ia (Atlantan, Californian). 2. Add -an to a place name ending in -i or sounding like -e (Hawaiian, Baltimorean). 3. Add -ian to a place name ending in -on (Washingtonian). 4. Change -y to -i and add -an to a place name ending in -y (Schenectadian). 5. Add -an to a place name ending in -o (Ohioan). 6. Add -ite or -er to a place name ending in a consonant or a silent -e (New Englander, Seattleite). 7. Delete -s and add -tan to a place name ending in -polis (Annapolitan, for Annapolis). That’s an impressive and helpful set of rules. Unfortunately, many people didn’t get the memo, so we find the rules widely broken. For example, someone from Florida is a Floridian, not a Floridan, and one writes of San Franciscans, not San Franciscoans. Parisians breaks the rules (it should be Parisite ouch or Pariser), as does Chinese (Stewart’s rule dictates Chinan). Then there are classical affectations like Cantabrigian (Cambridge), Novocastrian (Newcastle, in Australia), and Oxonian (Oxford); more or less well-known foreign language alterations such as Flemish (Flanders), Madrileno (Madrid), and Muscovite (Moscow); and references some famous, others obscure based on state nicknames, think â€Å"Bay Stater† (Massachusetts), Hoosier (Indiana), and Nutmegger (Connecticut). Thus, like many other attempts at codifying human behavior or custom, Stewart’s laws are breached as often as they are observed, but they’re still a useful guideline. Ultimately, though, let your fingers do the walking through a dictionary, geographical dictionary, atlas, or other resource. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence50 Idioms About Meat and Dairy ProductsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Characteristics of the Various Market Structures Assignment

Characteristics of the Various Market Structures - Assignment Example Although the firms may be producing products of similar recipe, the branding may vary from firm to firm. Monopolistic competition comprise of many sellers and many buyers (Weigand & Rachman, 2010). The product is almost the same but the branding is different resulting to a fierce competition. Other examples include private schools and insurance brokers and hairdressers. The firms that deal with sell of vegetables and food are good examples of perfect competition even though they may change to oligopoly in situations where branding sets in. Prices may be stable in the number of firms’ current in the market structure. Goods may be differentiated or homogeneous. Firms in this type of structure may often be influenced by the behaviors of others. Firms have a mandate of achieving their goals by maximizing profits and minimizing loses. Production is usually increased until the marginal cost equals the marginal revenue. Output should be produced at a level that is considered maximum depending on whether the type of structure is monopolistic, monopoly, oligopoly and perfect competition. Pricing decisions tend to rely on analysis regarding marginal contributions to costs and revenue. Marginal profit appears positive when marginal revenue is more than marginal costs (Vaile,

The Italian Mafia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Italian Mafia - Research Paper Example Additionally, it has vast resources that enable it perform very complex operations while keeping a very low profile. The kind of operation the mafia carries out is highly sSuccession is clearly defined by the family ties and power automatically shifts to the firstborn son once the father dies. However, the members of these mafias protect their wealth and power at all costs even if it means killing anyone who meddles in their business. Additionally, they believe that they have built their empires for a long time and not even the government can take it from them as much as they are committing these crimes. These mafia organizations are not known by anybody; they work mysteriously and one cannot clearly identify who is in the mafia, as most of the people involved run legitimate businesses and are very well respected in the society hence making it very difficult to differentiate them from the other loyal citizens. Furthermore, they have access to government officers and can get any infor mation that they require. Due to this, it makes it very difficult for the government to track these organizations down and bring them to justice. These organizations are so secretive that they even control the marriages of there daughters and closely monitor their husbands. Sometimes the husbands are never introduced into the family business, and they are kept in the dark. One cannot deny the fact that mafia-type organizations are deeply rooted in Italy and have even extended into the government. For instance, the former Prime Minister of Italy Mr. Giulio Andreotti was charged for associating with mafia organizations. ... clearly identify who is in the mafia, as most of the people involved run legitimate businesses and are very well respected in the society hence making it very difficult to differentiate them from the other loyal citizens. Furthermore, they have access to government officers and can get any information that they require. Due to this, it makes it very difficult for the government to track these organizations down and bring them to justice. These organizations are so secretive that they even control the marriages of there daughters and closely monitor their husbands. Sometimes the husbands are never introduced into the family business, and they are kept in the dark. One cannot deny the fact that mafia-type organizations are deeply rooted in Italy and have even extended into the government. For instance, the former Prime Minister of Italy Mr. Giulio Andreotti was charged for associating with mafia organizations. However, he was acquainted when the prosecution failed to provide sufficient evidence to tie him to the mafia organizations. Consequently, the most recent case is that of the Sicily president who was charged and convicted of associating and providing assistance to mafia organizations. He was sentenced to a five-year jail term in 2008. They fact remain that these mafia organizations spread terror and fear among the people trying to gain power and amerce wealth illegally. Moreover, they work with impunity and have no regard for the law. The mafia organizations aim at marking their territories and area of control. However, other features of mafia organizations include their code of honor for instance the Cosa Nostra mafia has ometra which means the duty of silence. They highly uphold this code and respect it hence making them invisible and hard to track down by

The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections Essay

The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections - Essay Example The introduction is followed by an explanation of what prevention strategies must be adopted by nurses, in order to prevent the occurrence and transfer of infection in the healthcare setting. Important strategies like hand hygiene, antiseptic technique, disinfectant usage, and removal of unnecessary devices from the healthcare setting are discussed. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph; and, APA referencing style has been used properly throughout the paper. Introduction Nurses’ role in infection prevention cannot be denied, as they have manifold opportunities of practicing their nursing skills and knowledge to prevent hospital acquired infections. They can help the patient to recover fast by diminishing the complications of the infection. Benson and Powers (2011, p.36, par.1) write in their article: According to the CDC, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year in American hospitals . A recent study found HAIs to be the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, costing the healthcare industry $6 billion annually. This situation has made the health care providers concerned about the provision of high quality health related services to the patients, so that patient safety may be ensured. Nurses are those professionals who have the opportunity of providing health care services and preventing infections right at the bedside of the patients, thus, having a direct impact upon their health, safety, morbidity, and mortality. Within a multidisciplinary healthcare team, nurses utilize nursing-sensitive indicators to prevent infections. This helps them acquire nursing-sensitive positive outcomes, in the form of changes in patients’ understanding of infection symptom and associated emotional suffering. Nurses lead the entire team in preventing infections through utilization of a myriad of strategies described below. Infection Prevention Strategies Nurses ma y help in infection prevention through utilization of strategies that are effective enough to ensure patient safety. One such strategy is hand hygiene. Nurses should not only practice hand hygiene themselves, but should also encourage the patients to adopt it. Nurses’ hands are the direct transfer path of infective pathogens from them to patients, from where these travel across patients and finally across the whole healthcare environment. Last year, I was admitted to a hospital, and my nurse would always perform hand hygiene before and after every patient contact. He would also perform regular antiseptic technique, which prevented the infection from transferring from the equipment to the patients. I drew the conclusion that antiseptics minimized the contamination caused by pathogens when the nurse started a peripheral I.V. line or rubbed the core of an I.V. connector prior to injection. Antiseptic usage ensured the absence of pathogen organisms responsible for infection. Anot her important technique is to clean and disinfect the nursing-related equipment and tools, like sterilization. Since the medical tools are applied on multiple patients, it is important for nurses to clean and disinfect them as frequent as possible, so as to prevent the transfer of infection. Dust and pathogens collect on environmental surfaces which, if not

Stat Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stat - Coursework Example From the above table it is observed that the mean filmadmissions of quarter 1 (April-June) is the lowest with 13,173,422.8 and the highest is of the second quarter (July-Septermber) with 14,970,853.11. From the above ANOVA table we observe that there is no significant difference in the mean admission between the quarters as the probability of significance is 0.527 (>0.05). Hence all the seasons are homogeneous (on par) with regard to mean admission. From the above ANOVA table we observe that there is no significant difference in the mean admission between the years as the probability of significance is 0.848 (>0.05). Hence all the years are homogeneous (on par) with regard to mean admission. Interpretation: The regression equation is given by y = -119,506.78x + 1,092,063.39 where x represents weeks on release and y represents weekend total. The correlation is given by -0.33 which is very weak. When there is an increase of weeks, the weekend total gets decreased in general, but still we cannot make a sure conclusion because some other factors may be involved in deciding the weekend total. From the above table it is found that the multiple correlation is 0.33 and R squared is 0.11 which indicates that only 11% of dependent variable weekend total is explained through independent variable weeks after release. From the above table, it is inferred that the regression coefficient is not significant since the probability of significance is 0.23 (>0.05), hence the independent variable weeks on release is not a better predictor for the dependent variable weekend total. From the above table it is inferred that the regression coefficient is not significant whereas the constant (intercept) is significant at 5% level (p value =0.018

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Speech or Presentation

Morality in Education and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Speech or Presentation Example And this is similar to the way that the laws of science work in nature, laws of logic work for reason – all this means that there also exists a moral order. It is vital that we once again believe in a superior, unchanging moral order, and give it a proper and important place in the educational process. And this is why several people feel that morality education should be taught in schools. And this is not it. Schools also hold the responsibility to guide children in the step by step development procedure, and developing morals and ethical principles leads to proper development. Thus, it is indeed the responsibility of the school that it educates the children regarding the morals. It is important for moral education to be started very early on so that the morals are instilled in the child permanently. Moral education should begin at home and continue in school. However, it does not end there. It continues throughout a person’s life as he is involved in various situations and circumstances. The social forces continue to teach man about how to act morally and change and influence him. Moral education helps a person make appropriate decisions; it tells him the difference between right and wrong. One thing, however, is to be noted that morality is an abstract notion and everyone has a different view of it and the teacher will pass on to their students what they have in their mind. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is for the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of the people in Canada. They cannot be restricted by law, within limits that are reasonable and evidently justified in a free and independent society. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms takes care of human rights in Canada. The Charter is part of the law and the Constitution of Canada. The federal government is not allowed to arbitrarily change anything in the charter. She is also a paramount to the laws of any province or territory. The Ch arter makes sure that everyone in Canada is able to enjoy certain basic freedoms which are these: They have a right to any religion and freedom of conscience They are not restricted regarding their thought, religion and expression and they have freedom of media, such as press They have no restrictions regarding any peaceful assembly they want They are allowed to associate with whomsoever they wish (for example, membership in the union) These rights are known as fundamental freedoms since they are the basic rights allowed to every person living in Canada. However, the Charter does allow the Parliament to temporarily restrict some or all of these freedoms in certain situations; for instance the people may not be allowed the freedom of assembly when there is a war. Although the Charter gives the right of freedom of speech, student councils in majority of Canadian secondary schools are closely monitored and restricted by school administrations. So, basically, students do not have comple te rights over their speech, assembly or publishing what they want to. That means the Charter is not valid in this case although the courts may ask schools for justification regarding the limitations. Limiting students’ rights may be a good thing and also may not work out well. Good because it is important to take care of and maintain discipline in schools and educational institutions; and if students are given complete freedom they may take advantage of that. The bad part is

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Developing an English Language Curriculum Essay The problem at hand involves developing a curriculum for English language that is suited for all people, coming from all over the country; even those without the basic knowledge of the language. The problem entails finding out the basis of developing such a curriculum, analyzing the content and coverage of such a curriculum, testing the suitability of it to the users, outlining a sample curriculum and finding out the possible outcome of such a curriculum. The problem will also discuss the likelihood of making compromises, possible compromises, the groups affected and how to counteract the effects of such compromises. Theoretical Background and Analysis Curriculum development for languages has for a good length of time been based on; developing language responsiveness, developing confidence and competence in the use of English language, trying to instil into the learners the cognitive capability, training learners to develop language imaginative and emotional skills via oral, reading and writing skills. In trying to develop any teaching curriculum, one can focus on the above as guideline. Traditionally, the curriculum activities have been determined by use of a particular set of goals needed to be achieved. Hence one would sit down and analyze the particular things he wanted to achieve then go ahead and develop a systematic way to end up with the desired results. Failure to achieve these results would be followed by corrective measures to the curriculum. However, further developments to this has led to another way of developing a curriculum based on the path or route used to achieving desired results other than the one based on developing a curriculum on goal basis. A curriculum can be developed on the basis of tasks (Nunan, 1998). One approach focuses on analyzing the psycholinguistics involved in the acquisition of a second language and activation of such in a classroom. The other approach basically focuses on the purpose the learners need the language for. Nunan and Lockwood (1991) have come up with a model to implement the latter approach. This involves allowing learners develop the skills of the language, offer a chance to analyze and listen on how sample tasks are solved, giving a grammatically instructed guidance for performance of various tasks, and stimulating them to develop skills that are emerging in them via rehearsal. We must however put into consideration the problem at hand; that the students will be expected to learn a second language, in this case English. Much as they will try to be given the above guidelines we can also be guided by a model suited for them. Two models can be focused as a basis for this: (a) The rehearsal rationale path which focuses on what they will be intending to do with the language they are learning. (b) Psycholinguistic model which answers the question on the required mechanisms to acquire a second language. I do therefore propose that such a curriculum would entail courses that will make the learners be assimilated into a culture of having a positive response to using the English language as pertaining communication on a daily basis, training them how to communicate, write, think critically and solve problems using the language. Basically, since the language entails being able to read, write (which would demand knowledge on the grammar, use the language mechanics, penmanship and spelling), to listen and speak all these would be part and passel of the curriculum. Arising Effects and Addressing the Problem It is hard to develop a compromise curriculum for everyone. While some would view such changes as only a waste of time and derailing their time in school since they know the basics, the learners would find an opportunity to assimilate what is necessary to give them an easier time in school. A compromise must however reduce the likelihood of going into what the newcomers can found out for themselves. Since they already have come to study various courses in the institution, it can be assumed as well that most of them will be aware of the challenges involved. Instead of say establishing a separate academic year to go through the curriculum, the curriculum can be made to fit into their program as they go through other courses of their study. One can therefore fit in two courses of studying English in their first year of study. The first course, for example can contain courses for the students to learn communication, writing and reading skills, while in the subsequent term, the second course can entail courses challenging students to thinking critically, analytical skills, interpretation skills, and using the language to formulate ideas. It must be considered that students will have to be exposed to acquiring a second language by presenting one which is a bit more complex that which they have and they will gain maximally. This was a belief in input hypothesis by Krashen (1981, 1982) which has acted on for many researches. The next step would entail finding out what majority of the learners will be, their background languages and how the curriculum can be suited to favour them. A research will need to be conducted to establish what the current situation is on the ground, necessity of having such a curriculum, its implications to the students already in the institution and how they think they can be helped. It would be of little need to establish a curriculum that only duplicates work and overloads the students. In deed, this can be solved by carrying out an extensive research on the need for it, even before it is designed. Once there is enough evidence that such a curriculum is of necessity, one can go ahead and design it. It would be better to incorporate the views of the intended beneficiaries to this project. The curriculum should be geared towards making sure that the students also benefit in usage of the language in other disciplines other than English itself. Therefore, a good connectivity between English language skills should be ensured by the curriculum being implemented. Implementation and Review Once the program has been implemented, there is need to keep on acquiring the feed back from the beneficiaries pertaining various courses, their benefits and what they think can be done to improve on the arising difficulties, analyzing the elements of the feed back and carrying out the corrective measures as pertaining course improvement. Conclusion In the above analysis, I have provided a basis model which can be used in developing an English language curriculum, and sort to solve problems related to its introduction in any learning environment. The implementation and review section seeks to give an outline how one can put into action such a curriculum and review it. Remember that a good curriculum is the one that accomplishes its intended purpose satisfactorily. It does not mean that it is free from difficulties, but these must be dealt with. Reference NCCA (2008): Curriculum Online. Retrieved from, http://82. 195. 132. 34/index. asp?locID=399docID=-1, on September 10, 2008 Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Nunan D. (1998). Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum. Macquarie University Urbana-Champaign University of Illinois. Retrieved from http://www. iei. uiuc. edu/TESOLOnline/texts/nunan/index. html on September 10, 2008. Nunan, D. , Lockwood, J. (1991). The Australian English course: Task based English for post-beginners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Uses of DNA Technology

Uses of DNA Technology Introduction DNA typing was first used in Great Britain for law enforcement purposes in the mid- 1980s and has revolutionized forensic science and the ability of law enforcement to match perpetrators with crime scenes. It wasnt employed in the United States until 1987. DNA profiling has changed forensic science. DNA technology has given police and the courts a means of identifying the suspects of rapes and murders. Thousands of cases have been closed and innocent suspects freed with guilty ones punished because of the power of a silent biological witness at the crime scene. Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation performs the bulk of the forensic DNA typing for local and state law enforcement agencies. In criminal investigations, DNA from samples of hair, bodily fluids or skin at a crime scene is compared with those obtained from suspected suspects. (http://faculty.ncwc.edu) ‘DNA fingerprinting, or DNA typing (profiling) as it is now known, was first described in 1985 by an English genet icist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr Jeffreys found that certain regions of DNA contained DNA sequences that were repeated over and over again next to each other. He also discovered that the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from individual to individual. By developing a technique to examine the length variation of these DNA repeat sequences, Dr Jeffreys created the ability to perform human identity tests. (John Butler, 2005) Sir Alec John Jeffreys, was born 9 January 1950 at Oxford in Oxfordshire. He is a professor of genetics at theUniversity of Leicester, and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. (Leicester City Council, 1992) In 1994, he was knighted by her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, for Services to Science and Technology. Jeffreys had a eureka moment in his lab in Leicester after looking at the X-ray film image of a DNA experiment at 9:05 am on Monday 10 September 1984, which unexpectedly showed both similarities and differences between the DNA of different members of his technicians family. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) Within about half an hour, he realized the possible scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals. The method has become important in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) The method can also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies. Before his methods were commercialized in 1987 his laboratory was the only center carrying out DNA fingerprinting in the world, and during this period of about two or three years it was very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe. (Ne ston, Giles February 2, 2004) The technique used by Dr Jeffreys to examine the VNTRs was called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) because it involved the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the regions of DNA surrounding the VNTRs. This RFLP method was first used to help in an English immigration case and shortly thereafter to solve a double homicide case. Since that time, human identity testing using DNA typing methods has been widespread. The past 25 years have seen tremendous growth in the use of DNA evidence in crime scene investigations as well as paternity testing. Today over 100 public forensic laboratories and several dozen private paternity testing laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of DNA tests annually in the United States. In addition, most countries in Europe and Asia have forensic DNA programs. The number of laboratories around the world conducting DNA testing will continue to grow as the technique gains in popularity within the law enforcement com munity. (John Butler, 2005) How DNA Typing Is Done Only one-tenth of a single percent of DNA (about 3 million bases) differs from one person to the next. (Internet Source www.ornl.org, 2009) Scientists can use these variable regions to generate a DNA profile of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products. In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of specific DNA regions (markers). Scientists find the markers in a DNA sample by designing small pieces of DNA (probes) that will each seek out and bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample. A series of probes bound to a DNA sample creates a distinctive pattern for an individual. Forensic scientists compare these DNA profiles to determine whether the suspects sample matches the evidence sample. A marker by itself usually is not unique to an individual; if, however, two DNA samples are alike at four or five regions, o dds are great that the samples are from the same person. If the sample profiles dont match, the person did not contribute the DNA at the crime scene. If the patterns match, the suspect may have contributed the evidence sample. While there is a chance that someone else has the same DNA profile for a particular probe set, the odds are exceedingly slim. Many judges consider this a matter for a jury to take into consideration along with other evidence in the case. (Internet Source www.nfstc.org, 2009) Experts point out that using DNA forensic technology is far superior to eyewitness accounts, where the odds for correct identification are about 50:50. The more probes used in DNA analysis, the greater the odds for a unique pattern and against a coincidental match, but each additional probe adds greatly to the time and expense of testing. Four to six probes are recommended. Testing with several more probes will become routine, observed John Hicks (Internet Source www.alabany.edu/nerfi, 200 9). He predicted that DNA chip technology will enable much more rapid, inexpensive analyses using many more probes and raising the odds against coincidental matches. Types of DNA Technologies Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP is a method used by molecular biologists to follow a particular sequence of DNA as it is passed on to other cells. RFLPs can be used in many different settings to accomplish different objectives. RFLPs can be used in paternity cases or criminal cases to determine the source of a DNA sample. RFLPs can be used determine the disease status of an individual. RFLPs can be used to measure recombination rates which can lead to a genetic map with the distance between RFLP loci measured in centiMorgans. (Internet Source www.bio.davidson.edu, 2009) Total DNA is first extracted from the microbial community and the16S rRNA gene  is amplified from samples using fluorescently-labeled forward and reverse primers. Next, the PCR product is purified and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion with enzymes that have 4 base pair recognition sites. This step generates fluorescently-labeled terminal restriction fragments. The digested products are then se parated and detected on an appropriate electrophoresis platform. For a given sample the terminal fragments will contain a fluorescent label at the 5 end and will therefore be detected. The output will be a series of peaks (fragments) of various sizes and heights that represents the profile of that sample. (Osborn, A. M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N., 2000) Polymerase chain reaction PCR is used to make millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample. DNA amplification with PCR allows DNA analysis on biological samples as small as a few skin cells. A polymerase is a naturally occurring enzyme, a biological macromolecule that catalyzes the formation and repair of DNA (and RNA). The technique was made possible by the discovery of Taq polymerase, the DNA polymerase that is used by the bacterium Thermus auquaticus that was discovered in hot springs. This DNA polymerase is stable at the high temperatures need to perform the amplification, whereas other DNA polymerases become denatured. Since this technique involves amplification of DNA, the most obvious application of the method is in the detection of minuscule amounts of specific DNAs. This is important in the detection of low level bacterial infections or rapid changes in transcription at the single cell level, as well as the detection of a specific individuals DNA in forensic sci ence. It can also be used in DNA sequencing, screening for genetic disorders, site specific mutation of DNA, or cloning or subcloning of cDNAs. (Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu, 2009) Short tandem repeat STR technology is used to evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA. Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses a standard set of 13 specific STR regions for CODIS. CODIS is a software program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence, and missing persons. The odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci DNA profile is about one in a billion. (Internet Source www.ornl.org, 2009) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has chosen 13 specific STR loci to serve as the standard for CODIS. The purpose of establishing a core set of STR loci is to ensure that all forensic laboratories can establish uniform DNA databases and, more importantly, share valuable forensic information. If the forensic or convicted offender CODIS index is to be used in the investigative stages of unsolved cas es, DNA profiles must be generated by using STR technology and the specific 13 core STR loci selected by the FBI. (Internet Source www.dna.gov, 2009) Mitochondrial DNA analysis mtDNA can be used to examine the DNA from samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. Nuclear DNA must be extracted from samples for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR; however, mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion. (Internet Source www.fbi.gov, 2009) While older biological samples that lack nucleated cellular material, such as hair, bones, and teeth, cannot be analyzed with STR and RFLP, they can be analyzed with mtDNA. In the investigation of cases that have gone unsolved for many years, mtDNA is extremely valuable. (Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009) All mothers have the same mitochondrial DNA as their offspring. This is because the mitochondria of each new embryo come from the mothers egg cell. The fathers sperm contributes only nuclear DNA. Comparing the mtDNA profile of unidentified remains with the profile of a potential maternal relative can be an important technique in missing-person investigations. ( Melton, T. et. al., 2001) Y-Chromosome Analysis The Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, so analysis of genetic markers on the Y chromosome is especially useful for tracing relationships among males or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors. Y chromosome analysis is a useful technique for analyzing DNA that can be likened in one sense to studying male surnames. Think about the way that male surnames are passed down from one generation to another and continue on through sons. This mechanism is a simplistic representation of Y chromosomes. A son inherits a Y chromosome from his biological father and he also inherits an X chromosome from his biological mother. Conversely, a female would inherit an X chromosome from her biological mother and an X chromosome from her biological father. (Internet Source www.esploredna.co.uk, 2009) As such, when scientists study Y chromosomes, they are studying these chromosomes as they are inherited over time through males in a famili al line. This type of DNA analysis has important ramifications for scientists wishing to investigate the familial ties between male members. (Internet Source www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2009) Conclusion No field has benefited more from the tools of molecular biology than forensic science. DNA technology affords the forensic scientist the ability to eliminate individuals who have been falsely associated with a biological sample and to reduce the number of potential contributors to a few (if not one) individuals. Inculpations are strong evidence regarding the source of the biological sample. Today, some wrongly convicted people have been exonerated because of DNA evidence. Moreover, in casework, individuals are excluded routinely. Since the inception of forensic DNA profiling, there has been a debate in the legal setting regarding admissibility on the methods and the practices of computing DNA profile frequencies. While the scientific basis of DNA typing were sound, both the methodology and the statistical interpretations were aggressively challenged in court. The methods challenge focused on reliability and validity testing. The statistics debate focused on the reliability of the ass umption of independence for applying the product rule to derive estimates of DNA profile frequencies. References Butler, John â€Å"Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers† 2nd Edition 2005 Elsevier Science Desert Island Discs, â€Å"Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys† BBC Radio 4 December 9, 2007 Leicester City Council â€Å"List of persons upon whom the honorary freedom of the city has been conferred† http://www.leicester.gov.uk/aboutleicester/lordmayorcivic/freeman/honorary-freemen/list-of-freemen Retrieved December 10, 2009 Newton Giles, â€Å"Discovering DNA fingerprinting: Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development†. Wellcome Trust. http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk.doc Retrieved December 10, 2009 Osborn, A.M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N. (2000). An evaluation of terminal-restriction fragment lengty polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of microbial community structure and dynamics. Environmental Microbiology 2(1): 39-50. Journal of Forensic Science â€Å"Diversity and Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of North American Populations.† January 2001; 46 (1):46-52. Melton T. et al Internet Source www.ornl.org 2009 Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu 2009 Internet Source www.fbi.gov 2009 Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009

Essay examples --

â€Å"Why should we think upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to blame life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does not govern life. The soul is stronger than it’s surroundings.† As said by William James, one of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with great wealth. His father was driven to provide his children with a plentiful education, the James children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed culture and art. Over the next couple of years, William jumped through many different fields, he wished to become a painter, but soon deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his attention towards chemistry. As the family’s money began to lessen, he realized he would need to support himself and he transferred to Harvard Medical School, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing health problems such as back pain, sight problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and becoming affected by depression, James spent the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new understanding of human potential and a field in which invigorating research was defining psychology as a new science. His work set him free from his depression which he had been suffering from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a Masters Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism: A New Name for Old Ways of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A Plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his last major work. Within the following year he went to his families summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and there he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years after his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical Empiricism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still hold substance due to the honesty of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. â€Å"Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.† –William James Essay examples -- â€Å"Why should we think upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to blame life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does not govern life. The soul is stronger than it’s surroundings.† As said by William James, one of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with great wealth. His father was driven to provide his children with a plentiful education, the James children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed culture and art. Over the next couple of years, William jumped through many different fields, he wished to become a painter, but soon deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his attention towards chemistry. As the family’s money began to lessen, he realized he would need to support himself and he transferred to Harvard Medical School, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing health problems such as back pain, sight problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and becoming affected by depression, James spent the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new understanding of human potential and a field in which invigorating research was defining psychology as a new science. His work set him free from his depression which he had been suffering from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a Masters Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism: A New Name for Old Ways of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A Plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his last major work. Within the following year he went to his families summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and there he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years after his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical Empiricism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still hold substance due to the honesty of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. â€Å"Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does.† –William James